Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking

• ฀ In฀addition,฀COPD฀often฀sustained฀by฀years฀of฀smoking฀activity฀is฀gaining฀importance฀ because฀it฀is฀complex฀to฀treat฀and฀is฀even฀more฀common฀than฀bronchial฀carcinoma.฀In฀ the฀near฀future,฀COPD฀will฀be฀the฀third฀most฀common฀disease฀worldwide. • ฀ If฀they฀are฀exposed฀to฀environmental฀tobacco฀smoke฀ETS,฀children฀are฀a฀target฀group฀ for฀the฀development฀of฀lung฀diseases.฀Asthmatic฀diseases,฀especially฀among฀children,฀ are฀not฀caused฀by฀passive฀smoking,฀but฀are฀sustained฀and฀accelerated฀in฀their฀progres- sion฀by฀smoke฀inhalation. References ฀ 1.฀U.S.฀Department฀of฀Health฀and฀Human฀Services;฀Public฀Health฀Services,฀Centres฀for฀Disease฀ Control฀1996฀PHS฀document฀no.46-1123 ฀ 2.฀Centres฀for฀Disease฀Control.฀1993฀Mortality฀trends฀for฀selected฀smoking-related฀cancers฀and฀ breast฀cancer฀--฀United฀States,฀1550-1990.฀Morb฀Mortal฀Wkly฀Rep42:฀857;฀863–866 ฀ 3.฀American฀ Thoracic฀ Society฀ 1995฀ Standards฀ for฀ the฀ diagnosis฀ and฀ care฀ of฀ patients฀ with฀ chronic฀obstructive฀pulmonary฀disease.฀Am฀Rev฀Respir฀Crit฀Care฀152:77–121 ฀ 4.฀Environmental฀Protection฀Agency฀1992฀Respiratory฀health฀effects฀of฀passive฀smoking:฀lung฀ cancer฀ and฀ other฀ disorders.฀ Ofice฀ of฀ Research฀ and฀ Development,฀ Ofice฀ of฀ Health฀ and฀ Environmental฀Assessment,฀Washington,฀DC.฀US_EPA,฀Report-No.EPA6006–90006F ฀ 5.฀BAl฀Steering฀Committee฀1990฀Bronchoalveolar฀lavage฀constituents฀in฀healthy฀individuals,฀ idiopathic฀pulmonary฀ibrosis,฀and฀selected฀comparison฀groups.฀The฀BAl฀Cooperative฀Group฀ Steering฀Committee.฀Am฀Rev฀Respir฀Dis฀141:169–202 ฀ 6.฀Laughter฀AH,฀Martin฀RR,฀Twomey฀JJ฀1977฀Lymphoproliferative฀responses฀to฀antigens฀medi- ated฀by฀human฀pulmonary฀alveolar฀macrophages.฀J฀Lab฀Clin฀Med฀896:1326–1332 ฀ 7.฀Iribarren฀C,฀Tekawa฀IS,฀Sidney฀S,฀Friedman฀GD฀1999฀Effect฀of฀cigar฀smoking฀on฀the฀risk฀of฀ cardiovascular฀disease,฀chronic฀obstructive฀pulmonary฀disease,฀and฀cancer฀in฀men.฀N฀Engl฀ J฀Med฀34023:1773–1780 ฀ 8.฀Brown฀GP,฀Iwamoto฀GK,฀Monick฀MM,฀Hunninghake฀GW฀1989฀Cigarette฀smoking฀decreases฀ interleukin฀1฀release฀by฀human฀alveolar฀macrophages.฀Am฀J฀Physiol฀2562฀Pt฀1:C260–C264 ฀ 9.฀Kline฀JN,฀Schwartz฀DA,฀Monick฀MM,฀Floerchinger฀CS,฀Hunninghake฀GW฀1993฀Relative฀ release฀of฀interleukin-1฀beta฀and฀interleukin-1฀receptor฀antagonist฀by฀alveolar฀macrophages.฀A฀ study฀in฀asbestos-induced฀lung฀disease,฀sarcoidosis,฀and฀idiopathic฀pulmonary฀ibrosis.฀Chest฀ 1041:47–53 10.฀Soliman฀DM,฀Twigg฀HL฀III฀1992฀Cigarette฀smoking฀decreases฀bioactive฀interleukin-6฀secre- tion฀by฀alveolar฀macrophages.฀Am฀J฀Physiol฀2634฀Pt฀1:L471–L478 11.฀Daniele฀RP,฀Dauber฀JH,฀Altose฀MD,฀Rowlands฀DT,฀Gorenberg฀DJ฀1977฀Lymphocyte฀studies฀ in฀asymptomatic฀cigarette฀smokers.฀A฀comparison฀between฀lung฀and฀peripheral฀blood.฀Am฀Rev฀ Respir฀Dis฀1166:997–1005 12.฀Tollerud฀DJ,฀Clark฀JW,฀Brown฀LM,฀Neuland฀CY,฀Mann฀DL,฀Pankiw-Trost฀LK฀et฀al฀1989฀The฀ effects฀of฀cigarette฀smoking฀on฀T฀cell฀subsets.฀A฀population-based฀survey฀of฀healthy฀Caucasians.฀ Am฀Rev฀Respir฀Dis฀1396:1446–1451 13.฀Meliska฀CJ,฀Stunkard฀ME,฀Gilbert฀DG,฀Jensen฀RA,฀Martinko฀JM฀1995฀Immune฀function฀in฀ cigarette฀smokers฀who฀quit฀smoking฀for฀31฀days.฀J฀Allergy฀Clin฀Immunol฀954:901–910 14.฀U.S.฀Department฀Health฀Human฀Services;฀Public฀Health฀Services,฀Centres฀for฀Disease฀Control฀ 1982฀The฀Health฀beneits฀of฀smoking฀cessation.฀A฀report฀of฀the฀Surgeon฀General.฀PHS฀docu- ment฀no.90-8416