Complications of Anaesthesia ebooksclub.org Tobacco or Health Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking Second Edition
9.7 Otitis Media
Otitismediaaffectsupto46ofyoungchildrenuptotheageof3yearsandisthecondi- tion most commonly prompting medical consultations in this age group Table 9.8 [213–217] . Variable Oddsratio95CI p Numberofcigarettessmoked10vs.³10 1.891.22–2.91 0.004 Child’splaceofresidenceduringtheirstyearoflife householdvs.daycarevs.privatecreche 2.941.55–5.54 0.001 Maternaleducationallevel12vs.³13years 1.551.05–2.30 0.03 Doctorvisitsnumberduringthepast12months £3 1.00 4–10 2.501.70–3.67 0.001 ³11 2.010.96–4.18 0.06 Table 9.8 Inluenceofmaternalsmokingontheriskofotitismediainyoungchildren.Calculations basedonamultivariatelogisticregressionmodel [212] Moreover, otitis media frequently marks the starting point for surgical intervention [74,213] .Since38–60ofyoungchildrenareexposedtoETSintheirparents’homes, passivesmokingisanimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofthiscondition [218–221] . Thefrequencyofotitismedia,surgeryandantimicrobialtherapyduringthepreceding12 monthswasassessedhaircotininemeasurements,physicianmedicalrecords,homevisits inastudyin227casesand398healthycontrolswhosatisiedtheinclusioncriteriaforthe studyFig. 9.10 [212] .Otitismediadevelopedin23.9ofthechildrenand9.8hadto undergo myringotomy. Children exposed to ETS had a 2–3 times higher risk of otitis media than non-exposed children Table 9.8 . These results are consistent with those reportedinotherstudies [222–225] OR,1.80;CI,1.1–3.0 [222] . To estimate the relative risk for otitis media OM in children from ETS, maternal smoking during pregnancy gestational exposure, or both, a national cross-sectional healthsurveywasanalysedbytheuseofquestionnaireinformationandserumcotinine measurements [226] .Childrenyoungerthan12yearsN=11,728wereexaminedwho participatedintheThirdNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyNHANESIII, conductedfrom1988to1994.Theoutcomeofthestudywastheoccurrenceandrecur- renceofearinfections.Itwasfoundthatthecumulativeincidenceofearinfectionswas69. Ofallparticipants,38wereexposedtopassivesmoke,23wereexposedtogestational smoke,and19wereexposedtocombinedpassiveandgestationalsmoke.Theoccurrence ofanyearinfectionwasnotincreasedbypassivesmokeexposureadjustedriskratio[RR], 1.01;95CI,0.95–1.06,butwasslightlyincreasedbygestationaladjustedRR,1.08;95 CI,1.01–1.14andcombinedadjustedRR,1.07;95CI,1.00–1.14smokeexposures. Theriskofrecurrentearinfections³6lifetimeepisodeswassigniicantlyincreasedwith combinedsmokeexposureadjustedRR,1.44;95CI,1.11–1.81.Otherriskfactorsfor earinfectionidentiiedinmultivariableanalysiswereraceethnicity,poverty–incomeratio of2.00ormore,attendanceindaycare,historyofasthmaandpresenceofallergicsymp- toms.Fromthisstudy,itcanbeconcludedthatpassivesmokeexposurewasnotassociated withanincreasedriskofeverdevelopinganearinfection.Theincreasedriskfoundwith gestationalandcombinedsmokeexposureshasmarginalclinicalsigniicance.Forrecur- rentearinfections,however,combinedsmokeexposurehadaclinicallyandstatistically signiicanteffect [226] . Continine Level [ng mg] No. of Current Household Smokers 1 0.60 0.48 0.30 n = 74 n = 13 n = 5 ≥2 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Fig. 9.10 Correlationbetween haircotinineconcentration andnumberofsmokersin household,accordingto parentalself-report.Medians including25thand75th percentiles.Dataoutsidethe conidencerange.Signiicant differencesbetweenthe groupsp=0.03 [212]Parts
» Tobacco Plants and Their Origin Use of Tobacco for Religious Purposes
» The Appropriation of Tobacco by Europeans
» Development of the Cigarette
» Objections to Smoking on Health Grounds
» Women Won Over by the Cigarette
» The Medical Use of Tobacco in the Nineteenth Century
» Tobacco Research in the Twentieth Century
» Tobacco Consumption in the Twentieth Century
» Cigarette Smoking in the USA Since 1965
» Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries
» Smokers and Other Risk Factors
» Smoking Behaviour and Educational Level in the EU
» Non-Disclosure of Findings by the Tobacco Industry
» The Cigarette as a Vehicle for Nicotine Release
» Modifications of Nicotine Release
» Maintaining Nicotine Dependence Nicotine and Dependence
» Marketing of Cigarettes with a “Reduced” Health Risk
» Compensatory Behaviour by Smokers
» Optimising Nicotine Release Nicotine and Dependence
» Importance of Absorption Rate
» Ammonium and pH Manipulation
» Cigarettes with Reduced Tar Yield
» Agonists and Antagonists of the nAChR and its Subtypes
» Effects of Nicotine on Receptors in Different Organs
» Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Nicotine
» Central Nervous System Effects of Nicotine
» Types of Dependence Nicotine Dependence
» Molecular Biological Aspects of Dependence
» Genetic Aspects Nicotine Dependence
» Withdrawal Symptoms Nicotine Dependence
» Immunological Reactions Caused by Cigarette Smoking
» Association Between Smoking and Lung Cancer
» Tobacco-Specific Carcinogens Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» The Cytochrome P450 and GST System and Carcinogenesis
» Peptide Receptors, Genetic Factors That Increase the Risk for Bronchial Carcinoma
» Exogenous Factors and Lung Cancer
» Pathophysiology of COPD Cigarette Smoking and COPD
» Genetic Factors Important Risk Factors for COPD
» Occupational and Environmental Factors
» Caveats Concerning the Informative Value of Studies
» Cigarette Smoking and Bronchial Asthma in Adults
» Bronchial Asthma in Children
» Other Lung Diseases Influenced by Cigarette Smoking
» Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction
» Changes in Endothelial Function and Microcirculation
» Microcirculation and O Systemic Vascular Changes
» Arteriosclerotic and Inflammatory Vascular Reactions
» Genetic Factors Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
» Nicotine and Ischaemic Heart Disease
» Cognitive Impairment Central Nervous System
» Influence on Cognitive Performance
» Intellectual Impairment in Childhood
» Smoker Personality Profiles and Genetic Inheritance of Smoking
» Peculiarities of the Smoker’s Personality
» Reasons for Increased Cigarette Consumption
» Comorbidity Between Depression and Smoking
» Extent of Cigarette Consumption
» Effects of Smoking in Forms of Dementia
» Smoking and Parkinson’s Disease
» Diabetic Retinopathy Ocular Diseases
» Graves’ Ophthalmopathy Ocular Diseases
» Macular Degeneration Ocular Diseases
» Ocular Tumours Ocular Diseases
» Retinal Detachment Ocular Diseases
» Lipid and Cholesterol Metabolism
» Insulin Resistance Diabetic Nephropathy
» Oesophageal Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Gastrointestinal Ulcers Gastrointestinal Tract
» Cancers of the Gastrointestinal Tract
» Pancreatic Cancer Gastrointestinal Tract
» Toxic Substances and Inducers
» Kidney Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Bladder Cancer Urinary Tract Diseases
» Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer
» Fertility Disorders Urinary Tract Diseases
» Vitamin D and Oestrogen Metabolism
» Osteoporosis Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Hip Fractures Disorders of Mineral Metabolism and Bone
» Skin Changes Skin and Mucosa
» Skin Tumours Skin and Mucosa
» Breast Cancer Skin and Mucosa
» Effects of Smoking on the Placenta
» Malformations Possibly Caused by Smoking
» Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS
» Effects of Nicotine on the Foetus
» Medical Care Costs Attributable to Smoking During Pregnancy
» ETS in the Workplace and at Home
» Fibrinogen Cholesterol Endothelium and Platelets
» Markers of Inflammation Changes at the Molecular and Cellular Level
» Passive Smoking During and After Pregnancy
» Coronary Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease
» Stroke and Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
» Respiratory Tract in Children and Teenagers
» Bronchial Carcinoma Respiratory Tract
» Indications and Diagnostic Considerations
» Self-Help Interventions by the Smoker
» Physician Advice for Smoking Cessation
» Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes
» Mass Media Communication Strategies
» E-Learning, Email and Internet for Smoking Cessation
» Evaluation of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Nicotine
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Nicotine Nasal Spray
» Treatment and Dosage Nicotine
» Nicotine Chewing Gum Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Patch Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Nasal Spray Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Inhaler Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Sublingual Tablet Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Nicotine Lozenge Adverse Events Associated with NRT
» Drug Interactions During Smoking Cessation
» Contraindications for the Use of Nicotine Products
» Nicotine Formulations as OTC Products
» Contraindications and Drug Interactions
» Tranquillisers and Buspirone Other Pharmacotherapies
» Various Antidepressants Other Pharmacotherapies
» Opioid Antagonists Other Pharmacotherapies
» Silver Acetate Other Pharmacotherapies
» Therapeutic Monitoring in Smoking Cessation
» Ischaemic Heart Disease Special Therapeutic Situations
» Pregnancy Special Therapeutic Situations
» Weight Gain Special Therapeutic Situations
» Alcohol Consumption Special Therapeutic Situations
» Organic Depression Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Schizophrenic Patients Organic Depression and Schizophrenia
» Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Administration of Psychopharmaceuticals
» Pre-operative Smoking Cessation Special Therapeutic Situations
» Social Influence Inoculation Strategy
» Life Skills Strategy Prevention Programmes for Schools
» Class 2000 Health Promotion Programme
» Trier University Health Programme Long-Term Studies
» Role of Teachers in Primary Prevention
» Prevention by Restricting Sales of Tobacco Products to Minors
» Role of the Mass Media in Sales of Tobacco Products to Adolescents
» Role of Government and Community in Primary Prevention
» Effect of Tobacco Industry Advertising Messages
» Tobacco Advertising and Adolescent Smoking Initiation
» Advertising with “Light” Cigarettes
» Smoking Bans in Public Buildings and Public Spaces
» Tobacco Industry, Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations
» Politicians and Their Attitude to Smoking
» Scientists and the Tobacco Industry
» Governmental Control of Toxic Tobacco Constituents
» Bans on Advertising in Various Countries
» Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking
» Smoking and Non-smoking: Weighing the Benefits
Show more