thecontroloftobaccoproductsCOM99594whichcontainsseveralcrucialpointson tobaccoregulation:
•
Restrictionsonadvertisingandeffectivewarningofthehealthrisks
•
Degloriicationoftheimageofsmokers
•
Regulationofthesubstancescontainedintobaccotolimitdamagetohealth
•
Protectionofminorsbyrestrictingtheiraccesstotobaccoproducts
•
Increaseintheretailpricesthroughhigherdutiesandtaxes
•
Combatingtheinluxofcheapsmuggledcigarettes
•
Eliminatingthesubsidiesfortobaccogrowers
•
Requiringtheindustrytopaycompensationfordamagetosmokers’health
•
Supportforspeciallifestylecampaignstodissuadeyoungpeoplefromsmoking
•
Advice,assistanceandtreatmenttohelppeoplewhowanttostopsmoking Howthisdirectivecanbeimplementedisasyetunclear
[63] .However,manycountries
haveimplementedavarietyofrestrictions. InEngland,smokingwasbannedinindoorpublicplaces,includingworkplaces,bars,
clubsandrestaurants,on1July2007.Someplaces,suchascertainsmokinghotelrooms, nursinghomes,prisons,submarines,offshoreoilrigs,andstagestelevisionsetsifneeded
fortheperformancewereexcluded.Palaceswerealsoexcluded.MembersoftheHouse of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to ban all smoking in the Palace of
Westminster.Theon-the-spotineforsmokingisvaryingandsmokingwillbeallowedto continueanywhereoutdoors.
WithsomeofEurope’shighestsmokingrates,Germanyhasapatchworkofsmoking bansbecauseofitsfederalstructurewith16states.Ingeneral,smokingisbannedonpublic
transport,hospitals,airportsandinpublicandfederalbuildings,includingtheparliament. Italywasoneoftheirstcountriesintheworldtoenactanationwidesmokingban.
SinceJanuary102005itisforbiddentosmokeinallpublicindoorspaces,includingbars, restaurantsandclubsdiscos.However,specialsmokingroomsarealsoallowedbutonly
1ofallpublicestablishmentshaveoptedforsettingupasmokingroom.Thebanturned outtobeverypopular.Itisstrictlyenforced.
France tightened an existing ban on smoking in public places on 1 February 2007. Smokingisbannedinallpublicplacesstations,museums,airports.However,thereisan
exceptionforspecialsmokingroomsfulillingstrictconditions.Also,specialexemptions weremadeforcafésandrestaurants,clubs,casinos,bars,etc.until1January2008.Opinion
pollssuggestedthat70ofpeoplesupporttheban. SincealltheUnitedNationspropertiesarenotthesubjectofanynationaljurisdiction,
the United Nations have their own smoking and non-smoking policies. Following the gradualintroductionofpartialsmokingbansbetween1985and2003,SecretaryGeneral
KoiAnnanintroducedin2003atotalbanonsmokingatUNHeadquarters. IntheUSAandAustralia,thenumberofsmokersandthenumberofcigarettessmoked
attheworkplacehasbeenobservedtodeclinewhenworkplacesaredeclaredsmoking-free [64]
.IntheUSA,thesmokingpolicyisdeterminedatthestateoratthemunicipallevel, butnotbythefederaladministration.Therefore,smokingpoliciesareclearlyinstitutedat
thestateorlocallevel.Over50ofAmericansarecoveredbyabanordinanceofsome degree.Thebansvaryfromtotalsmokingbansevenoutdoors,tonobanatall.
PresidentObamahasanimpressivelegislativerecordconcerningtobaccocontrolprior tothepresidentialelection.Inthisrespect,asasenatorObamajoinednineU.S.Senate
colleaguesincallingonPresidentBushtosendtotheSenateforratiicationtheFCTC,the world’sirstpublichealthtreaty.Obamawasalsooneoftheoriginalcosponsorsofpend-
inglandmarklegislationprovidingtheFoodandDrugAdministrationwithauthorityto regulatetobaccoproductsandtobaccomarketing.
14.8 Bans on Advertising in Various Countries
Insomecountries,thereareincreasingnumbersofpeoplewhoadvocateabanonsmoking andontobaccoadvertisingandwhoaregaininggrowingpublicsupport.Somerelated
factshavealreadybeendiscussedin Chap.13
.However,therearealreadyrestrictionson tobaccoadvertisinginall24OECDcountries,whichinthecourseof20yearshaveresulted
inameasurablereductionintobaccoconsumptionFig.13.9.Butonlysixcountrieshave prohibited advertising completely: Iceland 1972, Norway 1976, Finland 1979,
Portugal1984,Italy1984andCanada1989 [23]
. Alisthasbeenpublishedshowingtheaverageconsumptioningramsperpersonin
mostEuropeancountriesfortheyears1964to1990 [23]
.Thosecountrieswithabanon advertisingcanalsorecordadeclineintobaccoconsumptionFig.13.9.
InmanybigcitiesofChina,includingBeijing,smokinghasbeenrestrictedorprohib- itedinpublicbuildingsandonpublictransportsincethe1980s
[65] and,inviewofthe
growingnumberofcancercases,theMedicalUniversityofZhejiangwillnolongeraccept studentswhosmoke
[66] .InNorway,the“Anti-NicotineAct,”whichwaspassedin1995
andcameintoforceatthebeginningof1996,seekstoreducesmokinginpublic,withbans onsmokinginschoolsandotherpublicplacesrestaurants,cafes,shoppingcentres,air-
ports,cinemas;Fig. 14.3
.Thehighpriceforcigarettes4.75for20cigarettesisalsoa deterrenttopurchase,whilejuvenileshavetoprovideproofofagewhenbuyingcigarettes.
Cigarettevendingmachinesareprohibited,asisadvertising [67]
.AlsoinIsraelthereare nowrestrictionsinplaceontobaccoadvertising,andadvertsmaynotshoweitherpeople
oranimals.Inaddition,everycigarettepacketmustbearahealthwarning [68]
.InPoland,
16 14
12 10
8 6
4
[Cent per Cigarette]
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Tax revenue Price
Fig. 14.3
Time-dependent differencesintheincreaseof
themeanpriceandinthetax revenueofonecigarette
centinGermany.The portionofthemeantax
revenuedecreasedfrom 1984to2000continuously
from66.7to59.5data fromtheStatistisches
Bundes-amt,Wiesbaden
ananti-tobaccolawwaspassedalmostunanimouslyinAugust1995;thisprohibitsthesale oftobaccoproductstoyoungpeople18aswellasinschools,hospitalsandatsporting
events,makescigarettevendingmachinesillegal,banssmokinginpublicplaces,exceptin specialdesignedareas,andattheworkplace,andcontainsageneralprohibitiononadver-
tisingfortobaccoproductsinpublicbuildings,inthemediaandathealth,culturaland sportingevents
[69] .Anyonefoundsmokinginahospitaloraschoolcanbeinedupto
1,250 [70]
.Since1998,healthwarningshavebeenrequiredtobeplacedoncigarettepack- etsandmustcover30ofthetotalareaoneachside
[71] .
InGreatBritain,abanontobaccoadvertisinginthepressandonhoardingscameinto force in December 1999. This prohibition also includes shops and newspaper kiosks.
Additionally, all sponsoring by the tobacco industry is banned from July 2003 [72]
. Smokers who are caught dropping a cigarette in the street in the London borough of
Westminsteraresubjecttoon-the-spotinesinanamountequivalentto40 [73]
.Moreover, severalBritishinsurancecompaniesofferaspecialdiscountfornon-smokingdriverswho
cangiveadeclarationthattheyhavenotsmokedforatleast1year [74]
.Thethinking behindthisisthattheeyesofdriverswhosmokewatermore;thedriversthereforeblink
moreoften,whichreducestheirattentiontotheroad [74]
.Theyalsosufferfromchronic COintoxication,withallitsconsequencescf.
Chap.6 .InItaly,agovernmentdecree
cameintoforceinJanuary1996thatprohibitssmokinginallpublicbuildings,meaningin thiscaseministries,localgovernmentofices,postofices,railwaystations,etc.
[75] .
AtitsrecentmeetinginSeville,theInternationalAutomobileFederationFIAadopted ageneralbanontobaccoadvertising,includingaprohibitiononsponsoring,witheffect
fromtheendof2006 [76]
.ThisdecisionisremarkableinsofarasanFIAresolutionofthis kindwasconsideredunthinkableasrecentlyasonlyayearago,buthasnowbeentakenin
consultationwiththeWHO. AresolutiontobantobaccoadvertisinghadbeenadoptedatEUlevel,butthegov-
ernmentsofGermanyandAustriahavelaunched–ontheinstigationofthetobacco industry–legalactionagainstthisattheEuropeanCourtofJusticeinLuxembourg.In
themeantime,thisEUdirectivehadbeendeclaredvoidbytheIrishAttorneyGeneral, N.Fennelly,ongroundsthat“theEUhasquitesimplynojurisdictiontoissueabanon
tobaccoadvertising.”Advertisingspendingworth200millionandsponsoringworth 100millionwasdependentonthisdecision
[77] .However,tobaccoadvertisingbans
spreadtoalargenumberofcountriesmeanwhile.Inthisrespect,theseadvertisingbans paralleltheincreasingnumberofpublicsmokingbansseeSect.
14.7 .
14.9 Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking
Atthestartofeachyear,manypeopleadoptaresolutiontoleadahealthierlifeandstop smoking, and at exactly the same time, the tobacco industry intensiies its advertising
[78,79] .Accordingtounoficialigures,worldwidespendingoncigaretteadvertisingin
1987amountedtonearly1billionEURO.InGermany,tobaccoadvertisinghasforsome yearsinvolvedsloganssuchas“Ijustenjoysmoking,”“Thebestthingabouttemptationis
givingintoit”or“Everycigaretteyoudon’tconsciouslyenjoyisonetoomany” [80]
.One