Regulations on Smoking ebooksclub.org Tobacco or Health Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking Second Edition

the฀control฀of฀tobacco฀products฀COM฀99฀594฀which฀contains฀several฀crucial฀points฀on฀ tobacco฀regulation: • ฀ Restrictions฀on฀advertising฀and฀effective฀warning฀of฀the฀health฀risks • ฀ Degloriication฀of฀the฀image฀of฀smokers • ฀ Regulation฀of฀the฀substances฀contained฀in฀tobacco฀to฀limit฀damage฀to฀health • ฀ Protection฀of฀minors฀by฀restricting฀their฀access฀to฀tobacco฀products • ฀ Increase฀in฀the฀retail฀prices฀through฀higher฀duties฀and฀taxes • ฀ Combating฀the฀inlux฀of฀cheap฀smuggled฀cigarettes • ฀ Eliminating฀the฀subsidies฀for฀tobacco฀growers • ฀ Requiring฀the฀industry฀to฀pay฀compensation฀for฀damage฀to฀smokers’฀health • ฀ Support฀for฀special฀lifestyle฀campaigns฀to฀dissuade฀young฀people฀from฀smoking • ฀ Advice,฀assistance฀and฀treatment฀to฀help฀people฀who฀want฀to฀stop฀smoking How฀this฀directive฀can฀be฀implemented฀is฀as฀yet฀unclear฀ [63] .฀However,฀many฀countries฀ have฀implemented฀a฀variety฀of฀restrictions. In฀England,฀smoking฀was฀banned฀in฀indoor฀public฀places,฀including฀workplaces,฀bars,฀ clubs฀and฀restaurants,฀on฀1฀July฀2007.฀Some฀places,฀such฀as฀certain฀smoking฀hotel฀rooms,฀ nursing฀homes,฀prisons,฀submarines,฀offshore฀oil฀rigs,฀and฀stagestelevision฀sets฀if฀needed฀ for฀the฀performance฀were฀excluded.฀Palaces฀were฀also฀excluded.฀Members฀of฀the฀House฀ of฀ Commons฀ and฀ the฀ House฀ of฀ Lords฀ agreed฀ to฀ ban฀ all฀ smoking฀ in฀ the฀ Palace฀ of฀ Westminster.฀The฀on-the-spot฀ine฀for฀smoking฀is฀varying฀and฀smoking฀will฀be฀allowed฀to฀ continue฀anywhere฀outdoors. With฀some฀of฀Europe’s฀highest฀smoking฀rates,฀Germany฀has฀a฀patchwork฀of฀smoking฀ bans฀because฀of฀its฀federal฀structure฀with฀16฀states.฀In฀general,฀smoking฀is฀banned฀on฀public฀ transport,฀hospitals,฀airports฀and฀in฀public฀and฀federal฀buildings,฀including฀the฀parliament. Italy฀was฀one฀of฀the฀irst฀countries฀in฀the฀world฀to฀enact฀a฀nationwide฀smoking฀ban.฀ Since฀January฀10฀2005฀it฀is฀forbidden฀to฀smoke฀in฀all฀public฀indoor฀spaces,฀including฀bars,฀ restaurants฀and฀clubsdiscos.฀However,฀special฀smoking฀rooms฀are฀also฀allowed฀but฀only฀ 1฀of฀all฀public฀establishments฀have฀opted฀for฀setting฀up฀a฀smoking฀room.฀The฀ban฀turned฀ out฀to฀be฀very฀popular.฀It฀is฀strictly฀enforced. France฀ tightened฀ an฀ existing฀ ban฀ on฀ smoking฀ in฀ public฀ places฀ on฀ 1฀ February฀ 2007.฀ Smoking฀is฀banned฀in฀all฀public฀places฀stations,฀museums,฀airports.฀However,฀there฀is฀an฀ exception฀for฀special฀smoking฀rooms฀fulilling฀strict฀conditions.฀Also,฀special฀exemptions฀ were฀made฀for฀cafés฀and฀restaurants,฀clubs,฀casinos,฀bars,฀etc.฀until฀1฀January฀2008.฀Opinion฀ polls฀suggested฀that฀70฀of฀people฀support฀the฀ban. Since฀all฀the฀United฀Nations฀properties฀are฀not฀the฀subject฀of฀any฀national฀jurisdiction,฀ the฀ United฀ Nations฀ have฀ their฀ own฀ smoking฀ and฀ non-smoking฀ policies.฀ Following฀ the฀ gradual฀introduction฀of฀partial฀smoking฀bans฀between฀1985฀and฀2003,฀Secretary฀General฀ Koi฀Annan฀introduced฀in฀2003฀a฀total฀ban฀on฀smoking฀at฀UN฀Headquarters. In฀the฀USA฀and฀Australia,฀the฀number฀of฀smokers฀and฀the฀number฀of฀cigarettes฀smoked฀ at฀the฀workplace฀has฀been฀observed฀to฀decline฀when฀workplaces฀are฀declared฀smoking-free฀ [64] .฀In฀the฀USA,฀the฀smoking฀policy฀is฀determined฀at฀the฀state฀or฀at฀the฀municipal฀level,฀ but฀not฀by฀the฀federal฀administration.฀Therefore,฀smoking฀policies฀are฀clearly฀instituted฀at฀ the฀state฀or฀local฀level.฀Over฀50฀of฀Americans฀are฀covered฀by฀a฀ban฀ordinance฀of฀some฀ degree.฀The฀bans฀vary฀from฀total฀smoking฀bans฀even฀outdoors,฀to฀no฀ban฀at฀all. President฀Obama฀has฀an฀impressive฀legislative฀record฀concerning฀tobacco฀control฀prior฀ to฀the฀presidential฀election.฀In฀this฀respect,฀as฀a฀senator฀Obama฀joined฀nine฀U.S.฀Senate฀ colleagues฀in฀calling฀on฀President฀Bush฀to฀send฀to฀the฀Senate฀for฀ratiication฀the฀FCTC,฀the฀ world’s฀irst฀public฀health฀treaty.฀Obama฀was฀also฀one฀of฀the฀original฀cosponsors฀of฀pend- ing฀landmark฀legislation฀providing฀the฀Food฀and฀Drug฀Administration฀with฀authority฀to฀ regulate฀tobacco฀products฀and฀tobacco฀marketing.

14.8 Bans on Advertising in Various Countries

In฀some฀countries,฀there฀are฀increasing฀numbers฀of฀people฀who฀advocate฀a฀ban฀on฀smoking฀ and฀on฀tobacco฀advertising฀and฀who฀are฀gaining฀growing฀public฀support.฀Some฀related฀ facts฀have฀already฀been฀discussed฀in฀ Chap.฀13 .฀However,฀there฀are฀already฀restrictions฀on฀ tobacco฀advertising฀in฀all฀24฀OECD฀countries,฀which฀in฀the฀course฀of฀20฀years฀have฀resulted฀ in฀a฀measurable฀reduction฀in฀tobacco฀consumption฀Fig.฀13.9.฀But฀only฀six฀countries฀have฀ prohibited฀ advertising฀ completely:฀ Iceland฀ 1972,฀ Norway฀ 1976,฀ Finland฀ 1979,฀ Portugal฀1984,฀Italy฀1984฀and฀Canada฀1989฀ [23] . A฀list฀has฀been฀published฀showing฀the฀average฀consumption฀in฀grams฀per฀person฀in฀ most฀European฀countries฀for฀the฀years฀1964฀to฀1990฀ [23] .฀Those฀countries฀with฀a฀ban฀on฀ advertising฀can฀also฀record฀a฀decline฀in฀tobacco฀consumption฀Fig.฀13.9. In฀many฀big฀cities฀of฀China,฀including฀Beijing,฀smoking฀has฀been฀restricted฀or฀prohib- ited฀in฀public฀buildings฀and฀on฀public฀transport฀since฀the฀1980s฀ [65] ฀and,฀in฀view฀of฀the฀ growing฀number฀of฀cancer฀cases,฀the฀Medical฀University฀of฀Zhejiang฀will฀no฀longer฀accept฀ students฀who฀smoke฀ [66] .฀In฀Norway,฀the฀“Anti-Nicotine฀Act,”฀which฀was฀passed฀in฀1995฀ and฀came฀into฀force฀at฀the฀beginning฀of฀1996,฀seeks฀to฀reduce฀smoking฀in฀public,฀with฀bans฀ on฀smoking฀in฀schools฀and฀other฀public฀places฀restaurants,฀cafes,฀shopping฀centres,฀air- ports,฀cinemas;฀Fig.฀ 14.3 .฀The฀high฀price฀for฀cigarettes฀4.75฀for฀20฀cigarettes฀is฀also฀a฀ deterrent฀to฀purchase,฀while฀juveniles฀have฀to฀provide฀proof฀of฀age฀when฀buying฀cigarettes.฀ Cigarette฀vending฀machines฀are฀prohibited,฀as฀is฀advertising฀ [67] .฀Also฀in฀Israel฀there฀are฀ now฀restrictions฀in฀place฀on฀tobacco฀advertising,฀and฀adverts฀may฀not฀show฀either฀people฀ or฀animals.฀In฀addition,฀every฀cigarette฀packet฀must฀bear฀a฀health฀warning฀ [68] .฀In฀Poland,฀ 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 [Cent per Cigarette] 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Tax revenue Price Fig. 14.3 ฀฀฀Time-dependent฀ differences฀in฀the฀increase฀of฀ the฀mean฀price฀and฀in฀the฀tax฀ revenue฀of฀one฀cigarette฀ cent฀in฀Germany.฀The฀ portion฀of฀the฀mean฀tax฀ revenue฀decreased฀from฀ 1984฀to฀2000฀continuously฀ from฀66.7฀to฀59.5฀data฀ from฀the฀Statistisches฀ Bundes-amt,฀Wiesbaden an฀anti-tobacco฀law฀was฀passed฀almost฀unanimously฀in฀August฀1995;฀this฀prohibits฀the฀sale฀ of฀tobacco฀products฀to฀young฀people฀18฀as฀well฀as฀in฀schools,฀hospitals฀and฀at฀sporting฀ events,฀makes฀cigarette฀vending฀machines฀illegal,฀bans฀smoking฀in฀public฀places,฀except฀in฀ special฀designed฀areas,฀and฀at฀the฀workplace,฀and฀contains฀a฀general฀prohibition฀on฀adver- tising฀for฀tobacco฀products฀in฀public฀buildings,฀in฀the฀media฀and฀at฀health,฀cultural฀and฀ sporting฀events฀ [69] .฀Anyone฀found฀smoking฀in฀a฀hospital฀or฀a฀school฀can฀be฀ined฀up฀to฀ 1,250฀ [70] .฀Since฀1998,฀health฀warnings฀have฀been฀required฀to฀be฀placed฀on฀cigarette฀pack- ets฀and฀must฀cover฀30฀of฀the฀total฀area฀on฀each฀side฀ [71] . In฀Great฀Britain,฀a฀ban฀on฀tobacco฀advertising฀in฀the฀press฀and฀on฀hoardings฀came฀into฀ force฀ in฀ December฀ 1999.฀ This฀ prohibition฀ also฀ includes฀ shops฀ and฀ newspaper฀ kiosks.฀ Additionally,฀ all฀ sponsoring฀ by฀ the฀ tobacco฀ industry฀ is฀ banned฀ from฀ July฀ 2003฀ [72] .฀ Smokers฀ who฀ are฀ caught฀ dropping฀ a฀ cigarette฀ in฀ the฀ street฀ in฀ the฀ London฀ borough฀ of฀ Westminster฀are฀subject฀to฀on-the-spot฀ines฀in฀an฀amount฀equivalent฀to฀40฀ [73] .฀Moreover,฀ several฀British฀insurance฀companies฀offer฀a฀special฀discount฀for฀non-smoking฀drivers฀who฀ can฀give฀a฀declaration฀that฀they฀have฀not฀smoked฀for฀at฀least฀1฀year฀ [74] .฀The฀thinking฀ behind฀this฀is฀that฀the฀eyes฀of฀drivers฀who฀smoke฀water฀more;฀the฀drivers฀therefore฀blink฀ more฀often,฀which฀reduces฀their฀attention฀to฀the฀road฀ [74] .฀They฀also฀suffer฀from฀chronic฀ CO฀intoxication,฀with฀all฀its฀consequences฀cf.฀ Chap.฀6 .฀In฀Italy,฀a฀government฀decree฀ came฀into฀force฀in฀January฀1996฀that฀prohibits฀smoking฀in฀all฀public฀buildings,฀meaning฀in฀ this฀case฀ministries,฀local฀government฀ofices,฀post฀ofices,฀railway฀stations,฀etc.฀ [75] . At฀its฀recent฀meeting฀in฀Seville,฀the฀International฀Automobile฀Federation฀FIA฀adopted฀ a฀general฀ban฀on฀tobacco฀advertising,฀including฀a฀prohibition฀on฀sponsoring,฀with฀effect฀ from฀the฀end฀of฀2006฀ [76] .฀This฀decision฀is฀remarkable฀insofar฀as฀an฀FIA฀resolution฀of฀this฀ kind฀was฀considered฀unthinkable฀as฀recently฀as฀only฀a฀year฀ago,฀but฀has฀now฀been฀taken฀in฀ consultation฀with฀the฀WHO. A฀resolution฀to฀ban฀tobacco฀advertising฀had฀been฀adopted฀at฀EU฀level,฀but฀the฀gov- ernments฀of฀Germany฀and฀Austria฀have฀launched฀–฀on฀the฀instigation฀of฀the฀tobacco฀ industry฀–฀legal฀action฀against฀this฀at฀the฀European฀Court฀of฀Justice฀in฀Luxembourg.฀In฀ the฀meantime,฀this฀EU฀directive฀had฀been฀declared฀void฀by฀the฀Irish฀Attorney฀General,฀ N.฀Fennelly,฀on฀grounds฀that฀“the฀EU฀has฀quite฀simply฀no฀jurisdiction฀to฀issue฀a฀ban฀on฀ tobacco฀advertising.”฀Advertising฀spending฀worth฀200฀million฀and฀sponsoring฀worth฀ 100฀million฀was฀dependent฀on฀this฀decision฀ [77] .฀However,฀tobacco฀advertising฀bans฀ spread฀to฀a฀large฀number฀of฀countries฀meanwhile.฀In฀this฀respect,฀these฀advertising฀bans฀ parallel฀the฀increasing฀number฀of฀public฀smoking฀bans฀see฀Sect.฀ 14.7 .

14.9 Tobacco Industry: Playing Down the Risks of Smoking and Passive Smoking

At฀the฀start฀of฀each฀year,฀many฀people฀adopt฀a฀resolution฀to฀lead฀a฀healthier฀life฀and฀stop฀ smoking,฀ and฀ at฀ exactly฀ the฀ same฀ time,฀ the฀ tobacco฀ industry฀ intensiies฀ its฀ advertising฀ [78,฀79] .฀According฀to฀unoficial฀igures,฀worldwide฀spending฀on฀cigarette฀advertising฀in฀ 1987฀amounted฀to฀nearly฀1฀billion฀EURO.฀In฀Germany,฀tobacco฀advertising฀has฀for฀some฀ years฀involved฀slogans฀such฀as฀“I฀just฀enjoy฀smoking,”฀“The฀best฀thing฀about฀temptation฀is฀ giving฀in฀to฀it”฀or฀“Every฀cigarette฀you฀don’t฀consciously฀enjoy฀is฀one฀too฀many”฀ [80] .฀One฀