Tobacco Smuggling ebooksclub.org Tobacco or Health Physiological and Social Damages Caused by Tobacco Smoking Second Edition

of฀the฀situation฀in฀certain฀countries,฀e.g.฀the฀UK,฀where฀it฀accounts฀for฀80฀of฀total฀ciga- rette฀smuggling฀ [79] .฀This฀smuggling฀beneits฀from฀transit฀trade฀because฀tax฀is฀not฀paid฀in฀ the฀transit฀country฀on฀the฀assumption฀that฀the฀goods฀are฀being฀transported฀onwards.฀Within฀ the฀EU,฀Belgium฀port฀of฀Antwerp฀is฀the฀most฀important฀receiving฀centre฀for฀cigarettes฀ from฀ the฀ USA฀ and฀ Brazil฀ where฀ Philip฀ Morris฀ and฀ BAT฀ have฀ built฀ cigarette฀ factories฀ Fig.฀ 13.8 ฀ [80] .฀Excluding฀those฀intended฀for฀duty-free฀shops,฀these฀cigarettes฀are฀destined฀ for฀the฀Third฀World.฀Here฀intermediate฀traders฀can฀buy฀cigarettes:฀the฀estimated฀total฀value฀ of฀100,000฀million฀tax-free฀cigarettes฀in฀transit฀is฀US฀14,000฀million.฀It฀is฀these฀transit฀ cigarettes฀ that฀ end฀ up฀ being฀ sold฀ illegally฀ in฀ Europe.฀ Generally,฀ the฀ cigarettes฀ are฀ irst฀ transferred฀from฀Antwerp฀to฀Switzerland,฀at฀which฀point฀they฀are฀outside฀EU฀law.฀From฀ there,฀they฀are฀moved฀to฀the฀Czech฀Republic,฀Hungary฀or฀one฀of฀the฀former฀Soviet฀Republics฀ [81–83] . Over฀the฀5-year฀period฀from฀1990฀to฀1995,฀cigarette฀smuggling฀increased฀by฀73฀ [84] ,฀ a฀situation฀that฀was฀contributed฀to฀by฀the฀break-up฀of฀the฀former฀Soviet฀Union.฀According฀ to฀reasonably฀reliable฀estimates,฀303,000฀million฀cigarettes฀were฀smuggled฀in฀this฀way฀in฀ 1997฀ [85,฀86] .฀BAT฀estimates฀that฀of฀5.4฀trillion฀cigarettes฀sold฀worldwide,฀6฀324,000฀ million฀are฀duty฀not฀paid฀DNP฀sales฀ [87] .฀In฀addition,฀in฀developing฀countries฀in฀particu- lar,฀counterfeit฀cigarettes฀are฀being฀manufactured฀and฀sold,฀e.g.฀more฀than฀50,000฀million฀ in฀China฀each฀year฀ [88] . It฀has฀now฀been฀established฀that฀the฀multinational฀tobacco฀companies฀sell฀their฀ciga- rettes฀to฀dealers,฀and฀there฀“their฀responsibility฀ends.”฀The฀dealers฀for฀their฀part฀allegedly฀ know฀nothing฀about฀the฀country฀of฀destination฀of฀the฀cigarettes฀sold฀in฀this฀way.฀Since฀a฀ gap฀ exists฀ between฀ import฀ and฀ export,฀ the฀ tobacco฀ companies฀ and฀ the฀ dealers฀ really฀ should฀know฀something฀of฀the฀whereabouts฀of฀the฀goods.฀Switzerland฀may฀be฀thought฀of฀ as฀a฀hub฀of฀the฀trade:฀Philip฀Morris฀and฀RJ฀Reynolds฀have฀their฀European฀headquarters฀ there.฀And฀in฀the฀USA,฀for฀example,฀an฀executive฀of฀Brown฀and฀Williamson฀was฀respon- sible฀for฀traficking฀in฀contraband฀cigarettes:฀the฀cigarettes฀were฀transported฀from฀a฀ware- house฀in฀Alabama฀to฀a฀private฀warehouse฀in฀Louisiana,฀were฀marked฀for฀off-shore฀vessels฀ and฀thus,฀were฀tax-free฀and฀then฀sold฀to฀a฀Vietnamese฀organisation฀that฀smuggled฀them฀ into฀Canada฀ [89] . The฀ scale฀ of฀ cigarette฀ smuggling฀ constitutes฀ an฀ enormous฀ threat฀ to฀ general฀ public฀ health฀because฀1฀cigarette฀consumption฀is฀increased฀and฀2฀governments฀are฀deprived฀ of฀thousands฀of฀millions฀of฀US฀or฀in฀tax฀revenue.฀The฀only฀possible฀counter-strategy฀ depends฀on฀internationally฀agreed฀systems฀for฀regulation฀and฀tracking,฀and฀the฀tobacco฀ companies฀should฀be฀required฀to฀operate฀through฀the฀prescribed฀trade฀channels.฀The฀pen- alties฀for฀tobacco฀smuggling฀should฀be฀dramatically฀increased฀by฀law฀and฀tobacco฀prod- ucts฀should฀carry฀a฀visible฀symbol฀to฀indicate฀that฀tax฀has฀been฀paid:฀“An฀effective฀response฀ to฀smuggling฀would฀be฀to฀keep฀taxes฀high฀and฀crack฀down฀on฀smuggling.฀Prominent฀tax฀ stamps,฀serial฀numbers,฀special฀package฀markings,฀health฀warning฀labels฀in฀local฀lan- guages฀and฀better฀tracking฀systems฀are฀effective฀against฀smuggling”฀ [90] .฀Intermediate฀ traders฀often฀dealers฀should฀have฀no฀role฀to฀play,฀and฀there฀should฀be฀a฀total฀ban฀on฀ transit฀trade฀in฀tobacco฀products.฀In฀this฀regard,฀the฀World฀Health฀Organization฀must฀be฀ even฀more฀proactive฀than฀its฀previous฀endeavours฀to฀break฀the฀resistance฀shown฀by฀numer- ous฀governments฀and฀by฀the฀tobacco฀companies฀themselves฀International฀Framework฀for฀ Tobacco฀Control฀ [91] .

13.7 Effect of Advertising Bans

Although฀the฀very฀thought฀of฀advertising฀bans฀on฀its฀products฀is฀anathema฀to฀the฀tobacco฀ industry,฀absolute฀bans฀should฀be฀imposed฀on฀its฀advertising,฀promotional฀and฀sponsorship฀ activities฀in฀terms฀of: Direct฀and฀indirect฀advertising฀the฀latter฀covers,฀for฀example,฀Camel฀footwear,฀Marlboro฀ •฀ leisure฀clothing,฀Peter฀Stuyvesant฀travel,฀etc.. Advertising฀in฀all฀media฀radio,฀TV,฀press,฀posters,฀cinema฀and฀Internet฀adverts,฀etc.. •฀ Financial฀sponsorship฀for฀national฀and฀international฀sporting฀and฀cultural฀events,฀etc. •฀ A฀ worldwide฀ ban฀ on฀ advertising฀ which฀ should฀ be฀ intensified฀ progressively,฀ taking฀ •฀ account฀of฀national฀features฀in฀particular฀countries฀ [86] . Within฀and฀outside฀Europe,฀four฀countries฀have฀now฀introduced฀general฀advertising฀bans฀ on฀tobacco฀products:฀Norway,฀Finland,฀New฀Zealand฀and฀France. These฀advertising฀bans฀are฀more฀extensive฀than฀the฀1974฀ban฀imposed฀in฀Germany฀on฀ tobacco฀advertising฀on฀TV฀and฀radio.฀A฀strict฀ban฀on฀advertising฀has฀also฀existed฀in฀Poland฀ since฀1998.฀The฀advertising฀ban฀introduced฀in฀Canada฀has฀subsequently฀been฀lifted฀by฀the฀ Supreme฀Court,฀while฀the฀existing฀ban฀on฀advertising฀in฀Italy฀cannot฀be฀assessed฀because฀ of฀lack฀of฀data฀ [92] .฀The฀control฀programmes฀developed฀in฀various฀US฀states฀ [58] ,฀includ- ing฀restrictions฀on฀outdoor฀advertising฀ [93,฀94] ,฀point฀in฀the฀same฀direction฀with฀regard฀to฀ a฀decline฀in฀smoking฀behaviour฀among฀children. Community฀bans฀on฀advertising฀have฀also฀been฀implemented฀in฀various฀countries,฀with฀ restrictions฀imposed฀on฀self-service฀outlets฀to฀reduce฀in-store฀advertising.฀Reducing฀con- sumer฀tobacco฀accessibility฀also฀has฀the฀effect฀of฀reducing฀shoplifting฀ [95] . Bans฀on฀tobacco฀advertising฀in฀various฀countries฀have฀supported฀or฀encouraged฀several฀ other฀initiatives:฀for฀example,฀restrictions฀on฀sales฀to฀minors,฀health฀education฀and฀health฀ campaigns,฀tobacco-use฀prevention฀programmes฀for฀children฀and฀adolescents,฀creation฀of฀ smoke-free฀zones,฀setting฀of฀legal฀limits฀for฀toxic฀substances฀in฀tobacco฀and฀pro-rata฀use฀of฀ tobacco฀taxation฀revenue฀for฀research฀and฀health฀education฀see฀Tables฀ 13.2 ฀and฀ 13.3 . Table 13.2 ฀฀฀Relationships฀between฀advertising฀bans฀in฀different฀countries฀and฀the฀decline฀in฀tobacco฀ consumption,฀compared฀with฀Germany฀D฀where฀there฀is฀no฀advertising฀ban Country Introduction฀of฀ advertising฀ban Reference฀year฀฀ for฀evaluation Reduction฀฀ in฀consumption฀ by฀1996 Reduction฀฀ in฀consumption฀ in฀Germany฀฀ by฀1996 Norway 1.7.1975 19741975 −26 −13 Finland 1.3.1978 1977 −37 −11 New฀Zealand 17.12.1990 1990;฀for฀D:฀ 19891991 −21 −14–13 France 1.1.1993 1992 −14 −4 Reduction฀in฀per-capita฀consumption฀of฀tobacco฀products฀in฀g฀cigarettes,฀ine฀cut฀tobacco,฀pipe฀ tobacco;฀in฀France,฀cigarettes฀only฀ [92] Within฀15฀years฀following฀the฀general฀ban฀on฀tobacco฀advertising฀that฀has฀existed฀in฀ Norway฀since฀1975,฀there฀was฀a฀decline฀in฀the฀number฀of฀adolescent฀smokers฀of฀5–10,฀ depending฀on฀age฀group฀and฀sex,฀with฀total฀smoking฀prevalence฀reductions฀of฀10฀among฀ 16–24-year-old฀men฀and฀20฀among฀women฀of฀the฀same฀age฀ [96,฀97] .฀Smoking฀preva- lence฀also฀fell฀among฀older฀people฀within฀15฀years,฀with฀igures฀of฀35฀for฀men฀and฀32฀ for฀women฀being฀reported฀in฀1995฀ [98] .฀Overall,฀per-capita฀tobacco฀consumption฀fell฀from฀ 2,100฀to฀1,553฀g฀during฀the฀period฀from฀1975฀to฀1996฀Fig.฀ 13.9 ฀ [99] . In฀Finland,฀the฀ban฀was฀implemented฀in฀two฀phases฀in฀1977฀and฀1994:฀in฀the฀second฀ considerably฀more฀stringent฀phase,฀cigarette฀advertisements฀were฀also฀prohibited฀in฀for- eign฀magazines,฀which฀are฀extremely฀popular฀in฀Finland.฀The฀greatest฀decline฀in฀smoking฀ prevalence฀ was฀ recorded฀ among฀ men฀ [100] .฀ During฀ the฀ period฀ 1978–1996,฀ per-capita฀ tobacco฀consumption฀fell฀from฀2,134฀to฀1,350฀g฀Fig.฀ 13.9 ฀ [99,฀101] . The฀advertising฀ban฀introduced฀in฀New฀Zealand฀in฀1990฀resulted฀in฀a฀reduction฀in฀per- capita฀tobacco฀consumption฀from฀1,957฀to฀1,553฀g฀1990฀vs.฀1996.฀Over฀the฀same฀period,฀ the฀number฀of฀adolescent฀smokers฀fell฀by฀1.9฀ [99] . In฀France,฀a฀ban฀on฀tobacco฀advertising฀has฀been฀in฀place฀since฀1993.฀Within฀4฀years,฀ per-capita฀tobacco฀consumption฀fell฀from฀2,970฀to฀1,834฀g;฀despite฀this฀fall,฀no฀reduction฀ in฀smoking฀has฀been฀reported฀among฀12–18-year฀olds฀Table฀ 13.3 ฀ [99] . Country Introduction฀of฀ advertising฀ban Reference฀year฀ for฀evaluation Reduction฀in฀consumption฀among฀ adolescents฀by฀1996;฀in฀Germany฀฀ by฀1993 Norway 1.7.1975 1975 −15.8฀boys;฀−15.4฀girls Finland 1.3.1978 19781979 −12฀boys;฀−14฀girls New฀Zealand 17.12.1990 1990 −2.1 France 1.1.1993 1992 Germany – 1993 −5.4 Table 13.3 ฀฀฀Reduction฀in฀percentage฀of฀adolescents฀who฀smoke฀daily฀in฀ive฀countries฀in฀Germany,฀ the฀reference฀index฀shown฀is฀the฀percentage฀of฀adolescents฀who฀smoke฀regularly฀ [35] Fig. 13.9 ฀฀฀Mean฀per-capita฀ consumption฀of฀tobacco฀in฀ eight฀different฀countries฀ Canada,฀USA,฀Norway,฀ Finland,฀Sweden,฀Austria,฀ France,฀Germany฀[D]฀during฀ the฀period฀1964–1990฀ adapted฀from฀ [114]