Cigarette-Related Mortality in Different Countries
“milestone”invariouscountries,onlyoneinivesmokerssurvivesthismilestone.The oppositepictureisfoundintheOECDcountries:withouttheuseoftobaccoone-ifthof
peoplediebeforereachingtheageof70,anddeathsamongnon-smokersbeforetheageof 70aredecliningallthetime
[43] .
Thestatisticscalculatedfor1990areimpressive:forallcountriestogether,mortality fromsmokingwas24andinthe35–69-year-oldagegroup,mortalitywas35formen
and12forwomen [43]
.Thelossoflifeforasmokeriscalculatedat5–7years.In severalcountriesFrance,theNetherlands,Sweden,therehasbeenanincreaseinciga-
retteconsumptioninyoungwomeninparticular,withtheresultthatincreasedmortality mustbeanticipatedinthedecadesahead
[40] Figs.
2.6 and
2.7 .Thesummariseddata
indicatethatnosmoking-relateddeathsoccurredinpeoplebelowtheageof35 [43]
. Approximately half of all smokers from the developing countries suffered from their
smokingbehaviour.Teenagersoryoungadultswhobecomeregularsmokersmustexpect toforfeit8yearsoflife
[43] ,asalsoshownbyastudyamongBritishdoctorsconducted
overa40-yearperiod [23]
.
Table 2.3
Numbersandpercentagesofsmoking-relateddeathsinOECDcountriesin1990 Country
Men Women
35–69 years
70years Allages
35–69 years
70years Allages
Australia 6.728
7.321 14.022
1.915 3.18
5.09 Austria
4.028 3.616
7.520 0.67
1.54 2.05
Belgium 7.941
8.628 16.531
0.76 0.61
1.22 Canada
13.535 14.124
27.627 5.023
7.011 12.114
Denmark 3.332
4.322 7.625
1.827 2.611
4.415 Finland
2.625 2.721
5.321 0.25
0.53 0.83
France 32.632
24.516 57.121
1.02 1.21
2.21 Germany
52.032 43.318
95.322 6.27
10.43 16.53
Greece 5.233
5.217 10.421
0.45 0.93
1.33 Ireland
1.731 2.524
4.225 0.720
1.615 2.316
Italy 37.837
34.921 72.726
2.75 7.44
10.14 Japan
26.816 41.516
68.315 3.64
15.46 19.05
Luxemburg 0.234
0.325 0.527
0.19 0.11
0.13 Netherlands
8.638 13.032
21.632 1.411
1.33 2.74
NewZealand 1.428 1.722
3.122 0.721
0.89 1.411
Norway 1.421
1.912 3.414
0.412 0.63
1.05 Portugal
4.021 2.89
6.513 0.00
0.00 0.00
Spain 20.533
19.419 40.023
0.00 0.00
0.00 Sweden
2.116 3.29
5.311 0.710
1.33 2.04
Switzerland 3.131
3.718 6.821
0.36 0.93
1.24 United
Kingdom 37.235
52.127 89.428
16.424 32.113
48.515 USA
150.036 136.223 286.326 72.728
102.114 174.917 Total
423.532 427.820 851.323 117.716 191.67
309.39 Numbersofdeathsin1,000s;percentagesinparentheses
[43]
Itisestimatedthatintheyear2000,smokingcaused4.83millionprematuredeathsin theworld,2.41millionindevelopingcountriesand2.43millioninindustrialisedcoun-
tries.Therewere3.84millionmaledeathsand1.00millionfemaledeathsassociatedwith smoking.Theleadingcausesofdeathfromsmokingwerecardiovasculardiseases,COPD
andlungcancer [44]
.
Table 2.4
Numbersandpercentagesofsmoking-relateddeathsintheformersocialistcountries in1990
Country Men
Women 35–69years 70years
Allages 35–69
years 70years
Allages Armenia
2.238 0.513
2.823 0.26
0.11 0.33
Azerbaijan 2.724
0.58 3.114
0.00 0.00
0.00 Belarus
1.039 3.116
14.126 0.32
0.11 0.41
Bulgaria 8.230
2.27 10.417
0.53 0.41
0.92 CzechRepublic 13.342
6.119 19.429
1.49 1.53
2.95 Estonia
1.938 0.515
2.426 0.26
0.12 0.33
Georgia 2.824
0.79 3.515
0.12 0.11
0.11 Hungary
16.041 6.519
22.529 3.114
3.17 6.09
Kazakhstan 15.243
3.722 18.928
2.312 1.96
4.27 Kirghizstan
2.028 0.717
2.717 0.24
0.35 0.54
Latvia 3.338
1.015 4.325
0.36 0.32
0.63 Lithuania
3.838 1.417
5.225 0.23
0.43 0.63
Moldavia 3.531
0.710 4.320
0.33 0.33
0.63 Poland
44.642 15.318
59.929 5.110
4.44 9.55
Romania 19.632
4.28 23.818
2.26 0.81
2.93 Russia
191.942 48.620
240.530 16.47 19.33
35.74 Slovakia
5.838 1.915
7.726 0.34
0.42 0.73
Tadzhikistan 0.714
0.26 1.05
0.00 0.00
0.00 Turkmenistan
1.122 0.26
1.39 0.00
0.00 0.00
Ukraine 64.440
19.517 83.928
5.96 8.54
14.54 Uzbekistan
4.720 0.95
5.68 0.75
0.52 1.32
Yugoslavia 19.436
6.313 25.723
2.06 1.62
3.64 Total
441.239 126.317
567.526 42.17 44.43
86.54 Numbersofdeathsin1,000s;percentagesinparentheses
[43]
1955 1965
1975 1985
1990 1995
100 200
300 400
500 600
700 800
900
Annual Deaths x 1,000
Males Females
Fig. 2.6
Annualdeathrates fromlungcancerinmen
andwomeninOECD countries
[43]
Smoking-relateddeathsintheindustrialisedcountrieswillalsocontinuetoincreasein thecomingyears,afactthatisofcourseattributabletothehugeincreaseincigarettecon-
sumption.Inthelightofthesedevelopments,theWHOconvenedaconferencebackin 1989
[1] .AccordingtothedatalistedinTables
2.3 and
2.4 ,thenumberofsmoking-related
deathsin1990was1.8million,andonthisbasis,atotalofsome20milliondeathsmaybe assumedforthe1990s.Malespredominatednumerically,butthispatternissettochange
inthecomingyears. Thecalculationofsmoking-relatedmortalityisdificultforthemajorityofdeveloping
countries:aspectacularincreasehasbeenrecordedinChinainrecentyears,particularly sincesmokingprevalenceamongmeninthatcountryhasexceededthe50limit.The
incidence of illness in Asia and Latin America is very high [40]
. Taking all countries together the industrialised plus the developing countries, 3 2–4 million people die
annuallyfromtheconsequencesofcigarettesmoking. Currently,thereare2,300millionchildrenandteenagersintheworld,ofwhom30–40
i.e.800millionyoungpeoplesmoke.Ifsmokingdoublesinallagegroups,thiscould resultinthedeathof50ofallsmokers
[43] .
Duringtheperiod1978–1992,cigaretteproductioninChinaincreasedfrom500,000 millionto1.7billion,andthecigaretteshadveryhightarvalues.ResearchinChinainto
thehealth-relatedconsequencesofthisdevelopmentlungcancer,COPDandoesophageal cancerhasalreadybeenconducted,buttheresultsremainunpublished
[43] .
Accordingtoextrapolationsfortheperiod2020–2030,itisestimatedworldwidethat 3–10milliondeathsayearwouldbeattributabletosmoking
[43]