In this step, a translator should study well a text of source language both its form and contain. A translator should also see meaning
relation between a word and words. The aim of this analysis is to make a translator understands well the meaning beyond the text of source
language and its way of delivering through language.
2. Transfer In this step, it starts the transferring step after doing a complete
analysis which involves grammatical and semantic aspects. This process occurs in a translator’s mind.
3. Restructuring In this step, a translator restructures the text by using appropriate
language style into target language. 4. Evaluation
In this step, the translator re-analyse her research. After getting the translate in the target language, the result will be rematched with the
original text. If it seems not so equivalent, the translator will revise.
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The main point which underlies a translation is knowledge about two or more languages principles. A translation demands the understanding of both
source language and target language and it is not only a matter of searching the harmonization of words. A translation is absolutely not an easy thing to do
because each language has its own different system. In translating into Indonesian, a translator needs equivalence to appropriately and accurately transfer
11
Kardimin, Pintar Menerjemah Wawasan teoritik dan praktek, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013, p.16
the meaning of non-linguistic aspects of language, including language user’s cultural values and customs.
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C. The Procedures of Translation
There are some procedures of translation that exists. According to Newmark, while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures
are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.
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Those translation
procedures are as follows:
1. Literal Translation Literal translation is the most importance of the procedures. This
is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can conclude borrowing and word-for-word translation. Based on Vinay and
Darbelnet, literal is the direct transfer of an SL text into grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL.
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Example: “President” is translated into “Presiden”. 2. Transposition
Transposition is one of the common procedures used in translation. It is translation procedures involving a change in the
grammar from SL to TL. Vinay and Darbelnet confronted that transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
12
ibid. p 206
13
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, New York: Prentice Hall. 1988, p.81
14
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, Translation an advanced Resource Book, London: Routledge,2004, p.149
changing the meaning of the message.
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According to Newmark, transposition consists of four types of grammatical changes, those are:
a Automatic transposition and offers the translator no choice. For example there are two types of it. First, the change from plural to
singular, as ‘a pair of shorts’ translated into ‘sebuah celana pendek’. Second in the position of the objective, examples ‘beautiful dress’
translated into ‘gaun yang indah’ not ‘indah gaun’. b Transposition which is required when an SL grammatical structure
does not exist in the TL. Examples; SL: Kelas itu harus kamu ambil. TL: You should take that class. The translation above shows that the
object kelas in SL is located forward. Although it is passive voice but this form is not exist in English language TL. Another example
that the adjective of the sentence is located in front of the subject. SL ‘Bingung aku’ translated to TL ‘I’m confused’.
c Transposition which is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the
TL. For instance the SL adverb can be shifted into a TL adverbial phrase, as follows: SL: I’m here for the recognition of H1N1.
Translated to TL: Aku disini untuk mengenalkan virus H1N1. d Transposition which is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a
grammatical structure. Examples, SL: He is very pleasant, but his
15
ibid. p.149
