CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
There are so many views from some scholars on the definition of translation. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, translation is “the
process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language”.
14
Cartford stressed the notion of translation as the process of substituting a text from one language into another language.
15
Nida and Taber state that the translation should be the closest natural equivalent of source language, both in the meaning
and the style of receptor language.
16
In other words, a translator optimally attempts to convey the content and the style of source language.
Newmark defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.
17
According to Larson, “translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language
into the receptor language”.
18
Thus, they agree that something which is transferred in a translation is meaning, not form. Besides that, there should be naturalness in
14
A.S. Hornby 2000, op.cit. p. 1438.
15
J.C. Cartford 1965, op.cit. p. 20
16
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982, p. 12.
17
Peter Newmark 1988, op.cit. p.5
18
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence
Lanham: University Press of America, 1984, p. 3.
the meaning as the rules of receptor language.
19
Then Machali states that the translation must be able to communicate or to act as the bridges of meaning
between the manufacturer of the source text and receptor text reader. Translation is an act of communication that conveys messages from authors to readers.
20
Wills argues that the purpose of translation is to get the optimal equivalent and there
must be semantic and pragmatic understanding in receptor language text and there also must be analytical processing in finding the equivalent. He also pointed that
translation is a written transferring.
21
In their book, Hatim and Mason propose the definition of translation which is suitable to literary translation. It can be used as a foundation for
understanding of literary text translation. They say that translating is looked upon as “an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic
boundaries, another act of communication which may have been intended for different purposes and different readershearers”
22
. In this case, a translator is
receiver the message of source language then he acts as sender to receptor language.
23
In other words, a translator has two task, first he must be a good receiver, that is wiling understand what the author mean, secondly he acts as
sender in which he must be able to render the sense what he had got accurately to
19
Maurits. D.S. Simatupang 2000, op.cit. p. 2.
20
Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000, p. 6.
21
Wolfram Wills, “Translation Equivalence”, Ten Paper on Translation, ed. Richard B.Noss Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 1982, p. 3.
22
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator London: Routledge, 1997, p. 1
23
Benny H. Hoed, Kala dalam Novel: Fungsi dan Penerjemahannya Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1992, p. 81.
readers.
24
A translator also should convey the message whereas there are language barriers like cultural and linguistic boundaries.
Furthermore, Sumardiono defines translation with orientation approach that states “Translation is a process of transferring message from one language to
another by considering the aspects of accuracy and acceptability. Accuracy tends to the source language; while acceptability tends to the target language.”
25
. It
means there are two orientations that the translator considers, namely: source language oriented by focusing the accuracy of meaning and receptor language
oriented by focusing the acceptability of a translation. Based on the various ideas about the definition of translation, the writer
concludes that translation is a process of written transferring message or sense that contains figurative language and aspects related to aesthetic function
compromising among other rhymes, tones, and sound effects in the source that is equal to receptor language, and the result is the effect of deciding the aspects of
accuracy and acceptability.
2. The Process of Translation
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