readers.
24
A translator also should convey the message whereas there are language barriers like cultural and linguistic boundaries.
Furthermore, Sumardiono defines translation with orientation approach that states “Translation is a process of transferring message from one language to
another by considering the aspects of accuracy and acceptability. Accuracy tends to the source language; while acceptability tends to the target language.”
25
. It
means there are two orientations that the translator considers, namely: source language oriented by focusing the accuracy of meaning and receptor language
oriented by focusing the acceptability of a translation. Based on the various ideas about the definition of translation, the writer
concludes that translation is a process of written transferring message or sense that contains figurative language and aspects related to aesthetic function
compromising among other rhymes, tones, and sound effects in the source that is equal to receptor language, and the result is the effect of deciding the aspects of
accuracy and acceptability.
2. The Process of Translation
Process is a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result in natural changes.
26
In context of translation, the process of translation is a step that is used in getting the best result of translation. The process is started by a
24
M. Rudolf Nababan, Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2003, p. 80.
25
Sumardiono, Lokalisasi dalam Penerjemahan. Accessed on January 9
th
2011. http:dion-zydion2i.blogspot.com200910karya-ilmiah-lokalisasi-dalam.html
, p. 1.
26
A.S. Hornby 2000, op.cit. p. 1050.
translator to understand source language text, and then he conveys it to reader of receptor language.
Nida and Taber propose the process of translation and its illustration as follows:
27
a Analysis, In this step, a translator explores the meaning and the
grammatical relationship of source language word or compound word; b
Transfer, the transfer of the sense which is in the mind of translator from language A to language B;
c Restructuring, the sense that has been transferred is restructured in
order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.
Source Language Receptor Language
Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida Taber
There is another opinion about that concept, Larson says that translation consist of three steps, namely: 1 studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text; 2 analyzing the source language text to determine the meaning; and 3
reconstructuring the same meaning by using the lexicon and grammatical structure
27
E.A. Nida and C. Taber 1982, op.cit. p. 33.
Restructuring Analysis
Transfer
which are suitable in the receptor language and its cultural context.
28
He presents the diagram as follow:
29
Source Language Receptor Language
Text to be translated Translation
MEANING Discover the meaning
Re-express the meaning
Figure 3: The Process of Translation by Larson
Basically, both of the theories have the same in the aim and the step. The aim of them is to produce the good translation. The Nida’s steps are begun with
analysis, transfer, and restructuring which is same with the step of discovering the meaning, meaning, and re-expressing the meaning by Larson.
But, the writer thinks that both of models are not clear and not complete. Actually, in doing translation, we should be back to the first step when the
translation is still unnatural. Then, go to the next step. Go back again if there is still mistakes and ambiguous. The good process one is like a cycle. Therefore, the
writer agrees with Machali concept as she explained in her book as follow:
30
28
Mildred L. Larson 1984, op.cit. pp. 3-4.
29
Ibid . p. 4
30
Rochayah Machali 2000, op.cit. p. 38.
Analysis 1 → Transfer → Analysis 2 → Transfer Correction 1→ Analysis 3 → Transfer Correction 2 → … etc.
Figure 4: The Process of Translation by Machali
3. Untranslatability
