Limitation of Problem INTRODUCTION
or easier, or help them to change, avoid or replace the difficult expressions, besides these elementary functions also help students to sound more naturally as
speakers of a foreign language. There are four elementary ways of facilitating that Bygate distinguishes: simplifying structures, elipsis, formulaic expressions, and
using fillers and hesitation devices. On the other hand, when a speaker needs to alter, correct or change what he or she has said, they will need to make use of
compensation devices. These include tools such a substitution, rephrasing, reformulating, self-correction, false starts, and repetition and hesitation. Secondly
interaction skills, both speakers and listeners should be „good communicators’ it means good at saying what they want to say in a way which the listener finds
understandable’,
4
this means being able to possess interaction skills. The theory of bygates is supported by Harmer, Harmer said that elements
of speaking has two aspects – knowledge of language and the ability to process
information
5
. The first aspect, language features, necessary for spoken production involves. According to explenation of Harmer, the following features: connected
speech, expressive devices, lexis and grammar, and negotiation language. connected speech including ass
imilation, elision, linking „r’, contractions and stress patterning weakened sounds. Expressive devices : pitch, stress, speed,
volume, physical non-verbal means for conveying meanings supersegmental features. Lexis and grammar supplying common lexical phrases for different
functions agreeing, disagreeing, expressing shock, surprise, approval, etc.. Negotiation language : in order to seek clarification and to show the structure of
what we are saying. Second is process information, it means interaction between speaker and listener. According the explanation Bygate and Harmer, Both Bygate
and Harmer agreed a succesful speaker can use knowledge of language and skill to process it. It means speaking and interaction in community can’t be built if
speaker d ont have knowledge and skills to process it and listeners can’t to
understand the information which is extended by speaker.
4
Erik Vilímec, Ibid., p. 12.
5
Eric Vilimec, Ibid., p. 13.
There are many types of speaking, it is categorized from amount of preparation and purpose. There are limited preparation speech and unlimited
preperation speech. The limited preparation speech are conversation and interview. Both conversation and interview is a kind of speech which need a very
limited amount of preperation and performance without text. The interaction and the understanding information which is happened is fast and spontantly. The
unlimited preperation speech are informative speech and persuasion. The informative speech is kind of speech which focuses on identifies the important
topic and giving new understanding to audience from the result of research. The informative speech is happened in presentation and speech on communities.
Persuasion is kind of speech which asks the audience to do something. Advertisement is one of persuasive speech, persuasive speech providing the
audience with enough information to understand the topic under discussion, appealing to the emotions, attitudes and values, and good sense of the listeners to
encourage support for the speaker’s stance, and setting up a course of action that is well-suited to audience capabilities, ethical, and a logical outgrowth of the
arguments set up within the speech. From the theory above we can conclude that as a human being, we always
need communication to express our idea to do everything. Speaking is one of ways to communicate and express idea and information between people or
community. Because of that the language learning in the school is very important if communicate intensely and high interaction must be built and one of the ways is
speaking.