Definition of Speaking Speaking

stress and intonation patterns and speak in connected speech. 6 Pronunciation refers to the production of sounds that we use to make meaning. 7 It includes attention to the particular sounds of a language segments, aspects of speech beyond the level of the individual sound, such as intonation, phrasing, stress, timing, rhythm suprasegmental aspects, how the voice is projected voice quality and, in its broadest definition, attention to gestures and expressions that are closely related to the way we speak a language. The speaker must be able to articulate the words and the physical sounds that carry meaning. A speaker with good pronunciation will be easy to understood than a speaker with bad pronunciation even they have a perfect grammar. We can judge the people from pronunciation, if their pronunciation bad we can called them incompetent. At the level of word pronunciation, second language have problems distinguishing between sounds in the new language that do not exist in language that they already know. The main components of pronunciation are sounds, syllables, and words. building blocks of pronunciation are the individual sounds, the vowels and consonants go together to make words. It is important to remember that there is a difference between vowel and consonant letters and vowel and consonant sounds. Vowel and consonant sounds combine into syllables. It can be helpful to think of the structure of English syllables. A word can be either a single syllable or a sequence of two or more syllables. When a word has more than one syllable, one of these syllables is stressed in relation to other syllables in the word, while other syllables are said to be unstressed. Pronunciation can be said as the act of uttering with articulation, the act of giving the proper sound and accent, utterance, as the pronunciation of syllables of words,distinct or indistinct pronunciation. It is a way in which language is spoken. It includes segmental feature, vowel, and the intonation patterns. From the definitions above, it can be inferred that learners should master the words of the language because language consists of words. It is 6 Jeremy Harmer, The Practice of English Language Teaching, Forth Edition, Pearson: Education Limited, 2007, p. 343. 7 Amep Research Center, Fact sheet – What is Pronunciation?,Australia: Adult Migrant English Program Centre, October 2002, p. 1. in order to be able to use the language approximately. Having mastered a large number of words with sound and vowel. they will be able to express their ideas in the language approximately and clearly.

b. Grammar

It is obvious that in order be able to speak foreign language, it is important to know a certain amount of grammar and vocabulary. Grammar is the sounds and the sound patterns, the basic units of meaning sucha as words and the rules to combine them to form new sentences. 8 As according to David Crystal in his article, he said that Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. 9 For all teaching is ultimately a matter of getting to grips with meaning. Become important things to know grammar, and it is better to write grammatically than not, but it is well to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. In general we knew grammar is set of rules governing how the words in a language may be joined to make sense. We may understand the meaning of a sentence without understanding the grammar. But sometimes it will be difficult to understand the purpose of sentence if the the composition of grammar is not correct. In the result grammar is important part in English. There are five basics elements of English Grammar , these are basic elements of English grammar: Sentences complete, run-on, and fragments, Tenses , Pronouns , Possessives and Commas. 10 An understanding and application of these fundamental elements of grammar will help students unleash the power of the English language. Altough in each elements has its roles but it has connection and complete to other elements. The ambiguity will not be happened if all elements is noticed by speaker. Therefore, grammar is very important in speaking because it is needed to mastering English speaking well in meaning side and discreasing ambiguity. 8 Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language, New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998, p. 14. 9 David Crystal, In Word and Deed., http:grammar.about.com , 3 july 2014. 10 James Delaney, Grammar Review, Cayuga: Academic Support Center, 2006, p. 1.

c. Vocabulary

As we know, vocabulary is a basic elements in language. Vocabulary is single words, set phrases, variable phrases, phrasal verb and idioms. 11 According to Richards vocabulary is the core component of language proficiency and provides much of the basis for how well learners speak, listen, read, and write. Jackson and Amvela say that the terms of vocabulary, lexis, and lexicon are synonymous. Vocabulary is one of the language components that can affect macro skills. Some definition of vocabulary is proposed by some experts. In addition, Richards and Schmidt state that vocabulary is a set of lexeme, including single words, compound words, and idioms. Vocabulary development refers to the knowledge of stored information about the meanings and pronunciations of words necessary for communication. Vocabulary development is important for beginer speaker in that when a student sounds out a word, he or she is also determining if the word makes sense based on his or her understanding of the word. If a student does not know the meaning of the word, it is difficult to check for the word that fits or not. Vocabulary development is also a primary determinant of speaking. Speaker cannot understand the content and topic of what they are speaking unless they understand the meaning of the majority of words in speech and also the speaker will be difficult to speak if they have problem in the knowledge of vocabulary in their selves. According to the Collins Cobuild English dictionary,there are two types of vocabulary, vocabulary of language is the total number of word in it and someone’s vocabulary is the total of words in a language that he or she knows. 12 The vocabulary of language always changes and grows in community of people and become more complex, people devise or borrow new words to describe man’s activities. Talking about vocabulary, Lehr, Osborn, and Hiebert defined vocabulary as knowledge of words and words meaning in both oral and print language and in productive and receptive forms. Harmer summarized that 11 Keith S. Folse, Vocabulary Myths, Applying Second Language Reseacrh to Classroom Teaching, Michigan: University of Michigan, 2004 , p. 2. 12 Rosa Lopez Campillo, Teaching and Learning: An Introduction for English Student, Rome: De Magisterio De Albacete, p. 35.