E.
Purpose of Study
Purpose of this study is to get the empirical evidance about the effect of jigsaw technique on student
s’ English in teaching English speaking by seeing quality and quantity of communication by using discussion and telling story in the
class.
F. Significance of Study
Theoritically the result of this study expects to be significant for teachers, students and others researchers. This study is expected to show the effect of
jigsaw technique in teaching speaking. This study also want to help the students improve their English speaking ability as an active communication tool in the
school. The last, this study is expected can be a refrence for the other researcher who want to make a research about effect of jigsaw technique in teaching
speaking. Practically this research is recommended for teacher to use Jigsaw technique for teaching English in second grade of junior high school which is
appropriate with autonomous learning in Kurikulum 2013.
5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Speaking
1. Definition of Speaking
Speaking is important skill in English. To learn speaking, we absolutely need to know the definition of speaking. Speaking is an interactive process of
constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information.
1
Effective oral communication requires the ability to use the language appropriately in social interactions. Theodore said that language is
essentially speech, and speech is communication by sounds. In addition, speaking is a skill used by someone in daily life communication whether at school or
outside.
2
From the definition, it can be conclude that speaking is expressing, ideas, opinion, or feeling to other by using words or sounds of articulation in order to
inform, to persuade, and to entertain someone or people.
Speaking and interaction become a connection for processing information. But speaking will has problems in communication when the knowledge of
language and skills using the knowledge is not created in interaction. According to Bygate, the knowledge of language and skill using the knowledge must be
considered in the achievment of a communicative goal.
3
Not only on the understanding of that concept, the speaker should be able to use the knowledge in
different situations, to decide what to say, saying it clearly and flexible during conversation and creates the second aspect of language. Bygates saw the speaking
skill is the result of comprising production skills and interactions skills.
The using of production skills which is said by Bygte is facilitation and compensation, both devices which help students make the oral production possible
1
David Riddel, Teaching English as a Foreign Second Language, Chicago: McGraw- Companies, 2001, p. 177.
2
Theodore, Audio Visual Teachique in Teaching Foreign Language, New york:Cambridge University Press , 1960, p. 5.
3
Erik Vilímec, Developing Speaking Skills, Chicago: Faculty of Art and Philosophy, Departement of English and American Studies, 2006, p. 11.
or easier, or help them to change, avoid or replace the difficult expressions, besides these elementary functions also help students to sound more naturally as
speakers of a foreign language. There are four elementary ways of facilitating that Bygate distinguishes: simplifying structures, elipsis, formulaic expressions, and
using fillers and hesitation devices. On the other hand, when a speaker needs to alter, correct or change what he or she has said, they will need to make use of
compensation devices. These include tools such a substitution, rephrasing, reformulating, self-correction, false starts, and repetition and hesitation. Secondly
interaction skills, both speakers and listeners should be „good communicators’ it means good at saying what they want to say in a way which the listener finds
understandable’,
4
this means being able to possess interaction skills. The theory of bygates is supported by Harmer, Harmer said that elements
of speaking has two aspects – knowledge of language and the ability to process
information
5
. The first aspect, language features, necessary for spoken production involves. According to explenation of Harmer, the following features: connected
speech, expressive devices, lexis and grammar, and negotiation language. connected speech including ass
imilation, elision, linking „r’, contractions and stress patterning weakened sounds. Expressive devices : pitch, stress, speed,
volume, physical non-verbal means for conveying meanings supersegmental features. Lexis and grammar supplying common lexical phrases for different
functions agreeing, disagreeing, expressing shock, surprise, approval, etc.. Negotiation language : in order to seek clarification and to show the structure of
what we are saying. Second is process information, it means interaction between speaker and listener. According the explanation Bygate and Harmer, Both Bygate
and Harmer agreed a succesful speaker can use knowledge of language and skill to process it. It means speaking and interaction in community can’t be built if
speaker d ont have knowledge and skills to process it and listeners can’t to
understand the information which is extended by speaker.
4
Erik Vilímec, Ibid., p. 12.
5
Eric Vilimec, Ibid., p. 13.
