Identification of Problem INTRODUCTION
or easier, or help them to change, avoid or replace the difficult expressions, besides these elementary functions also help students to sound more naturally as
speakers of a foreign language. There are four elementary ways of facilitating that Bygate distinguishes: simplifying structures, elipsis, formulaic expressions, and
using fillers and hesitation devices. On the other hand, when a speaker needs to alter, correct or change what he or she has said, they will need to make use of
compensation devices. These include tools such a substitution, rephrasing, reformulating, self-correction, false starts, and repetition and hesitation. Secondly
interaction skills, both speakers and listeners should be „good communicators’ it means good at saying what they want to say in a way which the listener finds
understandable’,
4
this means being able to possess interaction skills. The theory of bygates is supported by Harmer, Harmer said that elements
of speaking has two aspects – knowledge of language and the ability to process
information
5
. The first aspect, language features, necessary for spoken production involves. According to explenation of Harmer, the following features: connected
speech, expressive devices, lexis and grammar, and negotiation language. connected speech including ass
imilation, elision, linking „r’, contractions and stress patterning weakened sounds. Expressive devices : pitch, stress, speed,
volume, physical non-verbal means for conveying meanings supersegmental features. Lexis and grammar supplying common lexical phrases for different
functions agreeing, disagreeing, expressing shock, surprise, approval, etc.. Negotiation language : in order to seek clarification and to show the structure of
what we are saying. Second is process information, it means interaction between speaker and listener. According the explanation Bygate and Harmer, Both Bygate
and Harmer agreed a succesful speaker can use knowledge of language and skill to process it. It means speaking and interaction in community can’t be built if
speaker d ont have knowledge and skills to process it and listeners can’t to
understand the information which is extended by speaker.
4
Erik Vilímec, Ibid., p. 12.
5
Eric Vilimec, Ibid., p. 13.