CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents the review of related theory, the review of related studies, the conceptual framework, and the research hypothesis. In the
theoretical review, the research examines some theories that become the frames of thoughts of the study. In the review of related studies, the research presents some
reviews of previous studies taken by several researchers related to the study. In the conceptual framework, the research relates the theories to the study.
A. Review of Related Theory
1. Theory of Speaking Skill a. Definition of speaking skill
Many definitions about speaking have been proposed by language experts. Brown 1994:267-269 defines that speaking is
an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving, and processing information. Meanwhile
Ladouse in Nunan, 1991 describes speaking as an activity which expresses the ability of oneself in the situation, or the activity to
report acts, or situation in precise words or the ability to converse or to express a sequence of ideas fluently. These definitions
emphasize that the researcher can interpret that speaking is an important skill or ability to produce and express ideas when people
are at the interactive speaking situation.
As a human being, we always deal with speaking to express our ideas in mind, especially for a student who has to speak to the
teacher when heshe tries to state the idea in the classroom. They should speak clearly so that the intention is well delivered. Like it
has been figured by Shumin in Richards and Renandya, 2002:201- 202 that communication in the classroom is embedded in focusing
meaning activity. This requires teachers to adjust and adapt their instruction carefully to the learners
’ needs and teach them how to listen to others, how to talk with others, and how to negotiate
meaning in a certain context. The learners will learn how to communicate verbally and nonverbally as their language
knowledge and develop language skills. As a result, the exchange of offering and giving messages will enable them to have the
intention in real life communication. In another view, speaking is a fundamental and instrumental
act. Clark and Clark 1997 explain that speakers say what they want to say to get some responses from listeners. They assert
something that will change their belief of a certain thing in the context. They ask interlocutor some questions to make them able to
provide information. They request things to get the interlocutor to do things for them. Also, they promise, warn, and exclaim to affect
the interlocutor in another constant ways. The nature of speech act plays as a control role in the speech production process. The
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