45 are some translation strategies proposed being similar to each other. Therefore,
the researcher decides to compile them as the following: 1 borrowing Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing, Newmark’s transference, 2 calque Vinay and
Darbelnet’s calque, Newmark’s through translation, 3 literal translation, 4 transposition
Vinay and Darbelnet’s, Newmark’s, 5 modulation, 6 functional equivalent V
inay and Darbelnet’s equivalent, Newmark’s functional equivalent, 7 cultural equivalent
Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation and Newmark’s cultural equivalent
, Baker’s translation by cultural substitution, 8 naturalization, 9 descriptive equivalent, 10 synonymy, 11 compensation, 12 componential
analysis, 13 reduction and 14 expansion, 15 translation by paraphrase using related word, 16 translation by paraphrase using unrelated word, 17 translation
by a more general word, 18 translation by neutralless expressive word, 19 translation using a loan word or 20 loan word plus explanation, 21 couplet, 22
notes, 23 addition, 24 translation by omission, and 25 translation by illustration.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six parts. Those are research method, research setting, research subjects, research instruments and data gathering
technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures. A.
Research Method
This research was categorized as qualitative research. The qualitative research was implemented because this research did not involve any statistical
formula. Gaal, Gaal, and Borg 2007 state that “qualitative research is a research
which presents fact in narrat ion with words.” According to Miles and Huberman
1994, p. 9, the data presented in a qualitative research are in the form of words. The words themselves are based on observations, interviews, or documents.
In this research, the data were taken from documents which were The Casual Vacancy and its Indonesian version, Perebutan Kursi Kosong. Therefore,
the researcher employed content analysis method. According to Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh 2002, p. 27, content analysis
“focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material within its own context
”. Fraenkel and Wallen 2008, p. 472 describe it as
“a technique that enables researchers to study human behavior in an indirect way through an analysis of their communications”. Therefore, this
research could be labeled as indirect research since the researcher studied the human behavior through the analysis of their language.
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B. Research Setting
The researcher conducted the research to collect the data from May 2015 to June 2015 through a library research. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta.
C. Research Subjects
In this research, the researcher used two novels as the research subjects. The first novel was The Casual Vacancy, an adult novel written by J.K. Rowling,
who is known as the author of Harry Potter series. The Casual Vacancy itself was Rowling’s first publication since the Harry Potter series. It was published
worldwide by the Little, Brown Book Group in September 2012. The second novel was Perebutan Kursi Kosong, the Indonesian version of The Casual
Vacancy translated by three translators Esti A. Budihabsari, Andityas Prabantoro, and Rini Nurul Badariah. It was published by Penerbit Qanita in November 2012.
The original novel consists of 503 pages while its translation Indonesian edition consists of 593 pages.
The Casual Vacancy is a novel with many characters. The characters who build the story are from The Fairbrothers, The Mollisons, The Prices, The
Jawandas, and The Weedons. Besides, there are other characters that develop the conflicts, like Obbo, the drug dealer, and
Maureen, Howard Mollison’s business partner. Since there were so many characters, the data would be abundant if the
researcher analyzed all characters. Therefore, the researcher decided to analyze one character only which was Krystal Weedon. The research itself was going to
analyze her speech in terms of dirty words and their translations in Bahasa
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Indonesia. To be more specific, Krystal’s dirty words would be analyzed to find translation strategies employed by the translators to translate them.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
There were two instruments used in this research. The first instrument was human instrument. According to Ary et al 2002, in qualitative research
, “the human investigator is the primary instrument for the gathering and analyzing of
data”. Merriam 2009, p. 15 also states that “a second characteristic of all forms of qualitative research is that the researcher is the primary instrument for data
collection and analysis ”. Thus, it is clear that the researcher became the key
person to observe and investigate the phenomenon, to decide the objectives of the research, to collect the data, to classify the data, and to analyze the data based on
the relevant theories. The second instrument was document instrument. Document instrument covered the printed version of the two novels The Casual Vacancy
and Perebutan Kursi Kosong and observation forms. The printed version of the two novels were used as the data source in this research. The data themselves
were dirty words
found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and the translation of them. Thus, the researcher employed two observation forms in this research namely 1
identification of dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech and 2 translation
strategies to translate dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech.
To complete the observation forms, the researcher also applied coding technique. According to Miles and Huberman 1994, coding is a process of
giving tags or labels about the information of data during the study. The first
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observation form was employed to identify dirty words in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Therefore in making the codes, the researcher applied theories proposed
by Jay 1992, Allan and Burridge 2006, McEnery 2006 and Ljung 2011. Blueprint of the first observation form was portrayed in Table 3.1. Whereas the
second observation form was applied to find out translation strategies to translate dirty words found in Krystal Weedon’s speech. Therefore the researcher
employed theories of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, Newmark 1988, and Baker 1992. Blueprint of the second observation form
was presented in Table 3.2.
Table 3.1 Blueprint of Identification of Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech
Case No Source Text
Dirty Word Theme
Function
The researcher identified the themes of dirty words based on compilation of theories proposed by Jay 1992, Allan and Burridge 2006, and Ljung 2011.
Thus, the dirty word themes proposed by the researcher will cover: 1 religious theme, 2 sexual organ theme, 3 sexual activities theme, 4 bodily effluvia theme,
5 animal name theme, 6 ethnic-racial-gender theme, 7 psychological, physical or social deviations theme, 8 ancestral allusion theme, 9 motherfamily theme,
10 death, disease, killing theme. While to identify the functions of the dirty words, the researcher combined
typologies proposed by McEnery 2006 and Ljung 2011. The proposed functions thus will be: 1 expletive interjection, 2 oath, 3 curse, 4 ritual insult,
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5 name calling, 6 anaphoric use of epithets, 7 adjective of dislike, 8 emphasis, 9 empathic adverbadjective, 10 adverbialadjectival intensifier, 11 modal
adverbials, 12 noun support, 13 affirmation and contradiction, 14 unfriendly suggestion, 15 destinational usage, 16 predicate negative, 17 figurative
extension, 18 idiomaticstereotyped phrase, 19 image based on literal meaning, 20 pronominal form with undefined referent, 21 literal usage, 22 reclaimed
usageno negative intent, 23 replacive swearing, 24 unclassifiable due to insufficient context.
As said in the preceding paragraphs, the researcher employed theories from Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, Newmark 1988, and Baker 1992 to solve
the second research problem about translation strategies used in translating the dirty words. Table 3.2 presented the blueprint of translation strategies to translate
the dirty words.
Table 3.2 Blueprint of Translation Strategies to Translate Dirty Words Found in Krystal Weedon’s Speech
No Source Text
Target Text Strategy
The compiled translation strategies are the following: 1 borrowing Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing, Newmark’s transference, 2 calque Vinay and
Darbelnet’s calque, Newmark’s through translation, 3 literal translation, 4 transposition Vinay and Darbelnet’s, Newmark’s, 5 modulation, 6 functional
equivalent Vinay and Darbelnet’s equivalent, Newmark’s functional equivalent, 7 cultu
ral equivalent Vinay and Darbelnet’s adaptation and Newmark’s cultural
