Meaning in Translation Theories of Translation
35 p. 90, equivalence involves substituting SL text with its functional equivalence in
the TL. E.g. kukuruyuk with cock-a-doodle-do, two peas in a pod with bagai pinang dibelah dua.
Adaptation or the seventh strategy is an effort of creating cultural equivalent between two different situations. It is employed when the situation
being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture; therefore, translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being
equivalent Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, as cited di Venuti, 2000, p. 90-91.
2 Translation Strategies by Newmark
Newmark 1988 proposed more strategies to translate foreign texts and he focuses on the sentence level and smaller units of language. Some of his strategies
are similar to those proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, others are combined and developed from Vinay and Darbelnet’s. Newmark also adds new strategies for
translating. Strategies proposed by Newmark are the following. Transference emprunt, loan word, transcription or the first strategy
proposed is a translation strategy that transfers the SL word to the TL text. It also includes transliteration that relates to conversion of different alphabet, such as
converted Greek, Arabic, Chinese, etc. into English. The word then becomes a ‘loan word’ Newmark, 1988, p. 81-82. It is used to fill the semantic gap in the
TL language Munday, 2008, p. 6. Newmark 1988, p. 82 describes that in the novel, cultural words are often transferred to give local color, to attract the reader,
to give sense of intimacy between the text and the reader.
36 The next strategy, naturalization, has two processes. First, it adapts the SL
word to the normal pronunciation, then it adapts the SL word to the normal morphology or the word-forms of the TL Newmark, 1988, p. 82.
Newmark also introduces the readers to equivalent strategies such as cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, and descriptive equivalent. Cultural
equivalent allows the translator to translate the SL’s cultural words into the TL’s
cultural words Newmark, 1988, p. 82-83. The translation uses are limited, since they are not accurate. However, they have greater pragmatic effect than culturally
neutral terms, e.g. the term café-pause French is translated into English phrase coffee break, the noun phrase Jaksa Agung Bahasa Indonesia is translated into
English as Attorney General Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003, p. 72. Another strategy is functional equivalent which is a strategy that requires the use of a
culture-free word when is applied to cultural words. Therefore, it neutralizes or generalizes the SL word and become the most accurate way of translating as it
deculturalizes a cultural word Newmark, 1988, p. 83. While descriptive equivalent gives description to find an equivalence of SL words to TL and
sometimes combines it with function, e.g. samurai is described as ‘the Japanese
aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century’ which function is ‘to provide o
fficers and administrators’ Newmark, 1988, p. 83-84. The next strategy is synonymy. It is used in the sense of a near TL
equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not exist. This strategy is used for an SL word where there is no clear one-to-one
equivalent and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or