Definition of Translation Translation Equivalence

33 called translation strategies as translation procedures; according to Newmark 1988, p. 81, translation procedures are used to translate sentence and smaller unit of language. It can be concluded that the translation strategy means designed plan to manage and overcome the difficulties and the problems in the activities of doing the translation in order to achieve a good result. The following strategies are translation strategies proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, Newmark 1988, and Baker 1992. 1 Translation Strategies by Vinay and Darbelnet According to Vinay and Darbelnet, as cited in Venuti 2000, p. 85, there are two methods of translating namely direct or literal translation and oblique translation. In some translations, direct translation can be applied as the SL message can be transposed element by element into the target language. However, in other cases, there are gaps or lacunae in the TL which must be filled by corresponding elements so that the overall impression is the same for the two messages. In these cases, it is suggested that the translators employing oblique translation methods. The first three strategies below are included in direct translation and the others are oblique translation. The first strategy is borrowing. Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 85 argue that borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods to overcome a gap especially about an unknown concept. It is done by directly using foreign terms without formal and semantic modification. Translator usually employs borrowing strategy to introduce the flavor of the SL culture into a 34 translation. The decision to borrow a SL word or expression for introducing an element of local color is a matter of style and consequently of the message. The second strategy is calque. Calque is a special kind of borrowing in which TL borrows an expression form of SL, but then translates literally each of its elements Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 85. This strategy may result in 1 lexical calque, which respects the syntactic structure of the TL whilst introducing a new mode of expression as seen in English compliments of the season that is translated into French compliments de la saison, or 2 structural calque, which introduces a new construction into TL like found in English science fiction that is translated into French science fiction. Literal translation is the third strategy proposed. It is known as word for word translation and is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 86. Literal translation is commonly used when translating between two languages of the same family and even more when sharing the same culture. The fourth strategy is transposition. It is a strategy that involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000, p. 88. The next strategy or the fifth is modulation. Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view Vinay and Darblenet, 1958, in Venuti, p. 89. This change can be justified when the translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL. The sixth strategy is equivalence. According to Vinay and Darblenet 1958, in Venuti, 35 p. 90, equivalence involves substituting SL text with its functional equivalence in the TL. E.g. kukuruyuk with cock-a-doodle-do, two peas in a pod with bagai pinang dibelah dua. Adaptation or the seventh strategy is an effort of creating cultural equivalent between two different situations. It is employed when the situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture; therefore, translators have to create a new situation that can be considered as being equivalent Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958, as cited di Venuti, 2000, p. 90-91. 2 Translation Strategies by Newmark Newmark 1988 proposed more strategies to translate foreign texts and he focuses on the sentence level and smaller units of language. Some of his strategies are similar to those proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, others are combined and developed from Vinay and Darbelnet’s. Newmark also adds new strategies for translating. Strategies proposed by Newmark are the following. Transference emprunt, loan word, transcription or the first strategy proposed is a translation strategy that transfers the SL word to the TL text. It also includes transliteration that relates to conversion of different alphabet, such as converted Greek, Arabic, Chinese, etc. into English. The word then becomes a ‘loan word’ Newmark, 1988, p. 81-82. It is used to fill the semantic gap in the TL language Munday, 2008, p. 6. Newmark 1988, p. 82 describes that in the novel, cultural words are often transferred to give local color, to attract the reader, to give sense of intimacy between the text and the reader.