59
Figure 2.6. AFORN Application Map
ACTIVE ENGLISH FOR NURSING AFORN
Homepage
FORUM BBM, WhatsApp, FB
Messenger, Gmail etc
GO
UNIT 1 - UNIT 5
Vocabulary
Useful Expression
Tasks Jumbled
Words
Listening Practice
Group Assessment
Listening Practice
Pronunciation Drill
REVIEW ABOUT
Application
Author
References
60 Further,
i
n relation to the answer of the first question, it was necessary to discuss the theory of speaking, m-learning, MALL, Android, and MIT App
Inventor. First, speaking skill is very important to able to communicate with other people from around the world. Richards 2008 mentions that for many second-
language learners or foreign-language learners, speaking skill in English is a priority. Nursing students of Poltekkes Yogyakarta are categorized as foreign-
language learners for English language. The materials found in AFORN consist of
materials which help the nursing students to have speaking practice; Vocabulary, Useful Expression, Tasks Jumbled Words, Listening Practice, Group
Assessment, and Pronunciation Drill.
AFORN as a mobile learning model which is installed in any mobile phones with Android Os has some advantages and disadvantages Miangah
Nezaret, 2012. The advantages are related with its portability, social interactivity, context sensitivity, connectivity, and individuality. The advantages of putting a
learning model in mobile device encourage the researcher to develop a learning model in mobile device with Android Os, whereas the disadvantages such as
small screen which causes difficulties in reading and the storage limitation will become the researcher‟s consideration in developing the learning model. In
developing the learning model, the principles of Universal Instructional Design UID as stated by Elias 2010 recommend that the m-learning should be
equitable use, flexible use, simple and intuitive, tolerance for error, low physical and technical effort, community of learners and support.
In developing the materials in AFORN, ten pedagogical principles by Anderson McCormick 2005 is used as the fundamental in AFORN. The
61 principles are match to the curriculum, inclusion, learner engangement, innovative
approaches, effective learning, formative assessment, summative assessment, coherence, consistency and transparency, ease of use, and the last is cost-
effectiveness. In relation with the design of the learning model, AFORN, the characteristic of well-designed software by Egbert Hanson-Smith 1999
suggest that the application should be consistent, good useof space, legible, contrast, repetition, alignment, and proximity, easy navigation and recovery, and
the last is high-quality playback. The learning model, AFORN was developed by using MIT Massachusetts
Institute of Technology App Inventor. MIT App Inventor is a block-based programming tool that allows people to start programming and build application
for Android devices. The researcher found any weaknesses of MIT App Inventor in the process of building the application. It seems that MIT App Inventor has
limitation in storage. So, in the process of building the application, the researcher really paid more attention to the uploade materials. The materials should not be
over size or the process of building up the application will be slow or even error.
62
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methodology used to conduct this research. The purpose of discussing research methodology is to elaborate the data acquisition,
data processing, and also data interpretation Dwijatmoko, 2014. This chapter presents the research method, the basic and data sources research design, the
research setting and participants, technique in collecting the data, the accountability of the instrument and data analysis.
A. RESEARCH METHOD
This research is focused on designing an application called AFORN Active English for Nursing, an m-learning model which can be installed in any
gadgets with Android Operating System Android Os. The m-learning model was developed for students of Diploma Program in Nursing. The researcher conducted
this research by using the combination of ADDIE Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation model and R D Research and
Development cycle. Educational Research and Development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational products. The producst can be material
objects, method of teaching or method for organizing instruction Borg, 1983: 772. The researcher also uses the R D because it is appropriate to be
implemented to design a product, “Educational R D is an industry-based development model in which the findings of research are used to design new
products and procedures” Borg Gall, 2003: 569. The researcher adopted the
63 five steps of ADDIE model and the seven steps of RD model for designing the
m-learning model using Android application. The steps are research and information collecting Analysis, planning Design, develop preliminary form of
product Development, preliminary field testing Development, main product revision Development, main field testing Implementation, operational product
revision Evaluation. The step taken by the researcher in conducting this research were research
and information collecting including literature review, and survey. The survey was conducted by investigating syllabus, interview and questionnaires. The need
survey was conducted by interviewing English lecturer and the students and also distributing questionnaire to the students. The researcher also investigated the
curriculum and syllabus to get knowledge for the product development. Planning; included formulate the skills, determine the goals that will be
achieved based on the need analysis and also the curriculum in nursing program. In this phase, the researcher found and prepared the material including images and
conversation files that would be used in the m-learning model, AFORN as the content and then determined the instructional goals and topic.
Develop preliminary form of product, in developing preliminary form of product, it is important to prepare the supporting components such as the devices,
that is Android smart phone or Android tablet. In this phase the researcher designed the storyboard of the learning model. The storyboard was used as the
concept of the learning model content. Besides, the researcher also designed the features of the application and the user interface in storyboarding. After making
the stroryboard for the application, the researcher developed the application by
64 using MIT App Inventor which allows everyone to start programming application
for Android devices. Preliminary field testing, in this step, the data were gained through
interview and questionnaire. For this step, expert verifications were required. The researcher distributed questionnaire forms and conducted interviewe to some
experts to gain their opinion, comments, and suggestions for revision of final product. The questionnaires were distributed to English lecturer from PGRI
University of Yogyakarta, Nursing lecturers who taught English in Nursing Program of Poltekkes Yogyakarta, and IT expert from Muhammadiyah University
of Yogyakarta and IT practitioner from Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. Interview was also conducted to English Lecturer and IT expert. Then,
the feedback obtained from the experts was used as the basic for doing main product revision.
In Main product revision step, the revision of the product is based on the result of preliminary field testing. This revision can be implemented more than
once, based on the evaluation result. But, if the product was already appropriate to be implemented, the revision could be done once only. In this step, the researcher
revised the content of the AFORN including images and English materials, the layout, the font, and also the features of AFORN.
In the main field testing, the researcher implemented the product to the Regular class of nursing students of Poltekkes Yogyakarta in semester 4. Next, the
researcher distributed questionnaires to know the students‟ responses or feedback toward the product.
65 The final step was operational product revision. In this step, the
researcher revised the product based on the evaluation on main field testing. The researcher distributed questionnaire and also interviewed the participants to obtain
some feedback and responses toward the product. Further, the researcher revised the product to be a final version of the product, that is the AFORN Active
English for Nursing. The research design and the process in finding the answer for the research
questions are shown in the following figure in the next page.
66
Figure 3.1 The Research Design with the Combination between R D and ADDIE
MIT App Inventor Mobile Learning
Nursing Program
ESP Android Application
Analysis Research Information
Collecting
Design
Development
Implementation
Evaluation Planning
Develop Preliminary Form of The Product
Preliminary Field Testing
Main Product Revision
Main Field Testing
Operational Product Revision
Expert Validation
User Validation
Final Product
