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Figure 2.1 ADDIE Model Rogers, 2002
The ADDIE model is an interactive instructional design process, where the results of the formative evaluation of each phase may lead the instructional
designer back to any previous phase. The end product of one phase is the starting product of the next phases Rogers, 2002.
7. Mobile Learning
The development of communication technology is going up rapidly. It is also in accordance with the development of mobile devices such as mobile phones
with high capabilities that is now more popular with the product of smart phones or tablet. The mobile devices have high capabilities such as the capability to be a
kind of learning media too. The widespread of mobile devices has changed the changed the landscape of e-learning. So, mobile learning m-learning can be
considered as the next generation of e-learning Miangah Nezaret, 2012.
32 a. Learning Concept
Mobile learning or m-learning is a type of e-learning that delivers educational contents and learning support materials through wireless
communication devices. Traxler as cited in Cabanban 2013 describes mobile learning as a personalized, connected and interactive use of handled computers in
classrooms. The actual implementation of M-Learning is growing faster in some capabilities than others page: 7. Mobile learning is a combination of the
implementation of mobile connectivity and electronic learning. Another concept of m-learning as stated by Kukulska-Hulme Traxler
2005 that it is concerned with learner mobility. Learners can still remain to engage in educational activities without the constraints of having to do so in
certain physical location. Learners can do educational activities outside the classroom anytime and anywhere since the mobile devices which are used to do
m-learning are categorized as portable, lightweight devices that are small enough to fit in the palm
of one‟s hand. Kukulska-Hulme Taxler also state that technologies in m-learning are extremely interesting for educators due to low cost
compared with desktop computers and the spontaneous and personal access they give to the vast educational resources of the internet. Mobile learning has a range
of attributes that might contribute to its definition that m-learning can be spontaneous, personal, informal, contextual, portable, ubiquitous available
everywhere and every time, and pervasive p. 1-2.
33 b. Mobile Connectivity
Ben Moussa 2003 as cited in identifies Motiwalla 2005 identifies several benefits for mobile connectivity. Mobile application generally allows the
user to control or filter the information flow and communication through the Wire phones and Handled devices WH device; namely these devices are usually
personalized or individualized. Second, mobile connectivity improves collaboration via real-time or instant interactivity, regardless of time and location,
leading to better decision making. Finally, mobile connectivity enhances user orientation as users have better access to their service providers and do a better
job in balancing their work life through a productive use of time. These benefits can be useful for improving learning environment.
c. Advantages and Disadvantages of M-Devices M-learning as a new way in doing educational activities enables the
learners to do learning activities anytime and anywhere. M-learning, therefore, has advantages and disadvantages. Miangah Nezarat 2012 state that learning
through mobile phone or m-learning provides the learners with the opportunity to learn when they are in public places or outside the classroom. It means that m-
learning provides the chances to learn every time and everywhere. Mobile device has two main characteristics which contribute to the use of m-learning. The
characteristics are portability and connectivity. Connectivity is the capability of
being connected and communicated with the learning website using wireless network of the device to access learning material. In this case, what is meant by
connectivity related with the AFORN is the ability to connect social media such
