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CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the result of the study. In this chapter the answers of the two research questions are presented as the result of the study. This chapter
is divided into three major parts. The first part presents the process of designing the learning model. The second part presents the functionality of the iconic model
for learning speaking. The third part presents the benefits of the iconic model to enhance speaking skill. The first and second part answer the first research
problem, whereas the third part answers the second research problem. The result of the study and the discussion are discussed in one part or not in separated part.
A. Process of Designing the Learning Model
As stated in Chapter III Research Methodology, the researcher adapted the steps of Research and Development cycles which were combined with the
ADDIE Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation model in the process of developing the learning model, Active English for Nursing
AFORN. In this part the researcher elaborated the two instructional design steps. The steps are; 1 Need Analysis, 2 Design, 3 Preliminary Field Testing, 4
Main Product Revision, 5 Main Field Testing, and 6 Evaluation.
1. Need Analysis
Need analysis is the step where the researcher conducted research and information collecting. In this step, necessary information for developing the
80 materials contained in the learning model AFORN were collected by
investigating the syllabus English lesson syllabus for Nursing Program, interviewing the English lesson lecturers, and distributing pre-design
questionnaire to the targeted learners. The information which were needed concerning on data related with material concept, learning objectives, teaching
media including the use of technology, teaching technique, lear ner‟s need and
characteristics.
a. Syllabus Investigation in Nursing Department The first concern of theoretical model was the syllabus investigation
because in determining the content for the learning model must be appropriate with the English lesson syllabus in Nursing Program. The syllabus was used as the
guideline and restriction to develop the learning material as the content in the learning model for nursing students. In the syllabus of English subject for
semester IV, the standard competence of English lesson focused on English communication in professional nursing context.
There were four main objectives of English subject in Nursing Program; 1 students be able to communicate in English, 2 students be able to write nursing
education in English, 3 students be able to comprehend oral text related with issues and nursing reports, 4 students be able to do presentation in English
syllabusdoc. Based on the four objectives above, it was obviously mentioned that speaking ability was the main focus of English subject in Nursing Program. In
order to have a good speaking skill, there are four categories of core speaking skills that the students need to develop; pronunciation, speech function,
81 interaction management, and discourse organization Goh Burns, 2012. This is
the reason why in this study the researcher would like to develop a learning media which can be able to help the students in speaking practices. Later on in the
learning media AFORN, consists of some practices and activities to enhance students‟ speaking ability. The complete description and presentation related with
the learning media will be discussed deeper in the next part of this chapter.
b. The Interview Result In process of getting the information about the students‟ need, interview
with one of the lecturers of English subject and one of the nursing students were conducted to collect data. The data which were needed from the interviews were
learning objectives, students‟ characteristic, teaching and learning process,
teaching technique, and teaching media. In the interview with the lecturer, she implied that the objective of English
lesson in Nursing Program focused on students‟ ability in speaking. She claimed that the students in Nursing Program had good competence in English, they also
had enthusiasm in learning English. Hmm..actually, they are active students and very enthusiastic in
learning English. Whenever I decide certain topics for the discussion or seminar, they searched the references from books or internet then
prepared what they would discuss. The discussion was very interesting and run well. They did it well. App4
In learning process in the classroom, most of the students were active and
enthusiastic in taking part in the teaching learning process. The students were active in learning English because they realized that they needed not only for
academic affairs but also they needed English for their professionalism, moreover
82 there was possibility for them to work abroad or at international hospital. From
the interview, it can be seen that speaking ability was so important for the nursing students. In the classroom, the students practicing debate, discussion, and
presentation. The material for those speaking activities must be issues related with nursing area. But, even though they had good competence in English, they still
need more practice in medical vocabulary. In the interview, the lecturer also mentioned that most of the students had smart phones with Android operating
system and the lecturers as well. The second interview was with one of the nursing students. Here in the
interview, the student said that most of the students had already used smart phones or tablets. The student told that in students‟ opinion English is very important
because as students they had goals such as continuing their study in abroad university, facing globalization era where they should compete with human
resources from many countries, communicating with their patients, and also supporting their professionalism as professional nurse. In the interview the student
also added that generally students still had difficulties in English language. The difficulties were the ability in speaking up with others, whereas from the previous
interview with the lecturer, she told that in English lesson she was responsible for certain material in English that was speaking material like debate, seminar, and
discussion. It means that in fact, the students had already got speaking material but they thought that they still need to improve their speaking ability. Besides
speaking ability, vocabulary mastery was one thing that should be considered in learning English.
83 In English class, not all of the students were enthusiastic with English
lesson. Some of them were not really enthusiastic because they already thought English was difficult and they lacked of confidence in speaking.
Some of us were enthusiastic to learn English, but not some other of us. They thought that learning English was difficult and they were lack
of confidence to speak English App6.
They needed more practice in speaking actually, but their schedule for other subjects and nursing laboratory practices had taken their time. They were so busy
so that English was not their priority. The finding in the interview was that actually the students wanted to have ability in speaking English. It was in
accordance with the objectives of English subject as written in the syllabus that the English lesson aimed at enhancing the students‟ communication skill using
English language. In the interview, the student claimed that they need balance opportunity among others, they wanted to have the same chances to practice their
speaking because sometimes they did not have similar opportunity in practicing their English speaking in the classroom.
The student also added that the other difficulties in learning English were materials related with listening, grammar, and pronunciation. They thought that in
listening practice, the speaker‟s pronunciation was not clear so that they cannot catch the meaning of the listening text. Grammar material was also difficult for
most of the students. One other thing that was also difficult for the nursing students was about pronunciation. Sometimes the students pronounce certain
medical terms with wrong pronunciation. Another finding of this research was the fact that students needed learning
tool or learning media which is flexible so that they can access the English
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