Flexible use - present content and

39 the Android smart phone or tablet, there is an application named Google Play Store where the user can download and install applications they want to. a. The Concept of MALL The user can find many various applications there. The application has some categories such as education, lifestyle, book, dictionaries, entertainment and so on. It indicates that mobile technologies have affected many other field including education. Kukulska- Hulme and Lesley 2008 states that “as the wireless network expands and ownership of devices that can communicate with such networks increases, the use of mobile devices to support language learning becomes more common in the society. They also state that MALL is different from Computer Assisted Language Learning CALL. The differences are in its use of personal, portable devices that enable new ways of learning, emphasizing continuity or spontaneity of access and interaction across different contexts of use.” AbuSa‟aleek 2014 also claims that mobile phone became an important component in the world especially in the field of education, so that it suggests the think of using technology in language learning activity. The mobile phone most of them right now are able connect with the internet. It suggests that the knowledge can be accessed via mobile phone also. The knowledge in this study refers to language knowledge so that the language learner can also learn from the gadget which is developed into Mobile Assissted Language Learning MALL. Miangah and Nezaret 2012 claim that MALL deals with the use of mobile technology in language learning. The students do not only learn language in the classroom but they can learn English through the 40 application installed in their gadget smart phone or tablet. Pachler, Bachmair and Cook 2010 as cited in AbuSa‟aleek 2014 defines MALL as “the processed of coming to know and being able to operate successfully in, and across, new and ever changing contexts and learning spaces with an emphasis on understanding and knowing how to utilize our everyday life-worlds as learning spaces.” Other definition of MALL is from Wood 2003, he states that “the term of mobile learning refers to the use of mobile and handled IT devices, such as PDAs, mobile phones, laptops and tablet PCs, in teaching and learning AbuSa‟aleek, 2014. In addition to Mobile Assisted Language Learning MALL, there must be pedagogical principles as the fundamental in creating such kind of digital learning tool. Since MALL use mobile devices and the mobile devices are included as electronics, ten pedagogic principles are discussed in this chapter. There are ten pedagogic principles of e-learning proposed by Anderson McCormick 2005 as cited from Maharani 2013; 1 match to the curriculum; 2 inclusion; 3 learner engagement; 4 innovative approaches; 5 effective learning; 6 formative assessment; 7 summative assessment; 8 coherence, consistency, and transparency; 9 ease of use; 10 cost-effectiveness. The first principle is match to the curriculum. It means that the m-learning should match and aligned to the appropriate curriculum through clear objectives, the relevance of content covered, the appropriateness of student activities and the nature of the assessment. The material contained in the application should match with the curriculum in Nursing department at Poltekkes Yogyakarta. 41 The second principle is inclusion. The pedagogy should support inclusive practice seen in terms of different types and range of achievement. It should also has tolerance to physical disabilities such as those with audio or visual impairment. The e-learning should also accommodate different social and ethnic groups and also gender. The third principle is learner engagement. It encourages that the pedagogy should engage and motivate the learners. It means that the learning media, even though it has integrated the ICT and education and used a game-like approach, it should be focused on improving a skill in learning. The learning media should be also enjoyable for the users so that it makes them want to continue study using the learning media. By using the learning media, the students are supposed to have interesting learning process. The learning media should be motivating also, it means that it improves the class atmosphere for learning and makes it good experience for teachers and learners alike. For the fourth principle, innovative approaches, it should be evident why learning technologies are being used, rather than a non-technological approach which achieves the same end as effectively. Digital forms should be used where they bring an innovative approach which can not be achieved in any other way. The design and implementation of the learning media should be innovative which presents something new and different from the previous non-technological or by digital material for area of curriculum. The fifth principle is effective learning. This principle can be demonstrated in many ways. Effctive learning can be demonstrated by the use of a range of approaches that will allow the learner to choose that suits her, or can be 42 personalized to her, or will extend the learner‟s repertoire of approaches to learning such as learning how to learn. It can also be demonstrated by providing empirical evidence of effective outcomes of the pedagogic approach including the digital material. The other way is by satisfying a number of the characteristic of good learning learner agency; learner autonomy; encourages metacognitive including high order thinking; enables or encourages collaboration. The last way is by providing authentic learning that refers to authentic situations outside school and to the learners‟ perspective and situation. The sixth principle is formative assessment that pedagogy should provide formative; assessment that is primarily aimed at improving learning. This can be achieved in many ways. The first is by providing rapid feedback that helps the learner to see their improvement in learning. The second is by providing opportunities of peer assessment and self-assessment with appropriate understanding of the criteria or standards of performance required. The seventh principle is summative assessment that is used to grade students for guidance as to, or selection for, future educational or work opportunities. The summative assessment must be valid and reliable i.e. assess what is aimedat in the objectives and give consistent result for particular learners, comprehensible by teachers, learners, parents, able to deal with a range of achievement levels, and free from adverse emotional impact on the learner. The eight principles are coherence, consistency, and transparency. The pedagogy must be internally coherent and consistent in the way the objectives, content, student activity and assessment match to each other. It must be open and accessible in its design. This implies that the components in the learning media