66
Figure 3.1 The Research Design with the Combination between R D and ADDIE
MIT App Inventor Mobile Learning
Nursing Program
ESP Android Application
Analysis Research Information
Collecting
Design
Development
Implementation
Evaluation Planning
Develop Preliminary Form of The Product
Preliminary Field Testing
Main Product Revision
Main Field Testing
Operational Product Revision
Expert Validation
User Validation
Final Product
67 In developing the m-learning model, the researcher combined two
instructional design, The ADDIE and R D model. The ADDIE model is an iterative instructional design process in which the results of the formative
evaluation of each step may lead the designer back to any previous phase. The R D model is the most appropriate model to design a product and procedures
which then are systematically field-tested, evaluated and revised until they meet specific criteria of effectiveness, quality, and similar standards Borg Gall,
2003: 569.
B. THE RESEARCH SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
The researcher is aimed to make m-learning model in mobile phones with Android Os, called the AFORN Active English for Nursing which is intended to
be English m-learning tool for students of Diploma Program in Nursing at Poltekkes Yogyakarta. The AFORN contains English lesson or English material
which focuses on improving communication skill for the students or professionals. In developing the product, the researcher involved the target
learners, the lecturers and the expert as the research participants and research respondents. So, the settings of the research were in Poltekkes Yogyakarta,
Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta UMY, PGRI University of Yogyakarta UPY, and Sanata Dharma University of Yogyakarta USD.
In conducting need analysis, the researcher interviewed nursing student in semester 4 and English lecturer of Poltekkes Yogyakarta, conduct observation,
and distribute questionnaire to the target learners. Thus the setting was in Poltekkes Yogyakarta.
68 In the step of preliminary field testing, the researcher needed to validate
the preliminary form of product designed, thus the experts were English lecturer from PGRI University of Yogyakarta and Nursing lecturers who also teach
English from Poltekkes Yogyakarta. They were given questionnaire and interviewed. In order to evaluate the product from IT point of view, the researcher
distributed questionnaire and conduct interview with IT expert from Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta and IT practitioner from Ministry of
Health. So, in doing this, the research setting was in Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, PGRI University of Yogyakarta, and RSUP Dr. Sardjito
Yogyakarta an hospital under Misnistry of Health . For the main field testing step, the participants were students in nursing program of Poltekkes Yogyakarta
semester 4. Thus, the implementation would be done in Poltekkes Yogyakarta.
C. RESEARCH DATA
The purpose of this research is to create an m-learning media in mobile phones with Android Operating System Android Os which is called the AFORN
Active English for Nursing. The product, the AFORN is created specifically for nursing students of Poltekkes Politeknik Kesehatan. Research and development
is used to design new product and procedures which then are systematically field tested, evaluated, and revised until the product meet the criteria of effectiveness,
quality or similar standard Borg Gall, 2003: 569. The phases in R D then combined with the ADDIE phases. Actually there are ten major steps in R D
cycle and five steps in ADDIE cycle, but since the research time is limited and the seven steps in R D and five steps in ADDIE cycles are considered as
69 appropriate, the researcher, therefore, only employs the seven steps in R D and
five steps in ADDIE.
1. Strategy in Collecting and Organizing Data
The researcher used two kinds of instruments to obtain the data. Those were questionnaires and interview. Borg and Gall 2003 states that questionnaires
are documents that ask the same questions of all individuals in the sample. Respondents record a written or typed response to each questionnaire item. In
questionnaires, the respondent can also possible to fill out the questionnaire at their convenience, answer the questions in any order, make marginal comments or
just skip the questions p. 221. So, by using questionnaires, the researcher felt so helpful to obtain the information needed without doing direct checking to certain
condition and it can be implemented either in big or small group of respondent so that it only needs less time to conduct. There were several types of questionnaires;
first was questionnaire related with need analysis. So, by getting data from the questionnaire, the researcher knew the needs of the students in English lesson and
also the method that has been used so far by their English lecturers. The second questionnaires were about the product, AFORN which were distributed to the
experts, either experts in English teaching or experts in Information and Technology IT. They could give their opinion, comments, and suggestion also in
essays part. All the questionnaires used likert scale and essays. The third questionnaires were distributed to the nursing students to obtain their feedbac
related with the English material in the AFORN and the product of AFORN.
70 The researcher also conducted interview to the research participants and
respondents. The purpose of conducting interview was to obtain more complete information from the research participants and respondents. The information
needed by having interview use to complete the information got from the questionnaires. The interview was still similar with questionnaire items. The first
interview was conducted with the nursing students and English lecturer that were about the students need
, students‟ characteristics and teaching method need analysis step. The second interview was conducted with some experts in English
and IT. It was done in preliminary field testing to obtain feedback related with the English materials and the design of product. The third interview was conducted
with the nursing students to obtain more detail information form the feedback of the questionnaire that was about English material in the AFORN and the product
of AFORN. Borg and Gall 2003 states that interview consists of oral questions asked
by the interviewer and oral responses given by the research participants. Since interview is in the form of conversation, the researcher can in detail dig the
information needed as in the questionnaires. Interview can be conducted in group or personally. Since the first interview were conducted in the form of
conversation, it can be useful also to know the stud ents‟ language proficiency,
teaching method and strategies, and characteristics of the students form the lecturer‟s point of view. In the interview with the IT experts, the researcher
obtained more detail information about how the product should be related with the layout, the navigation, the format, and how to operate the product, whereas in
interview with English lecturers, the information was related with the English
71 materials, emaphasizing the feedback from the questionnaires in the same step.
The third interview in main field testing was done with the nursing students.
2. Data Collection Technique
The data were collected from the instruments used in the research that have been discussed in the previous part. The subject of the research was nursing
students of Poltekkes Yogyakarta semester 4. The data were classified into stages based on the combination of ADDIE model and R D model. The need analysis
was done by sharing questionnaire, doing interview with the students and the lecturers and also dong class observation.
Tabel. 3.1 The Stages, Data, Participants and Instruments
Steps Information Needed
Participants Instruments
Research and
Information Analysis
- The previous method and
tools in English lesson -
The students‟ real need -
The students‟ difficulties in learning English related
with understanding the materials
- The students‟ obstacle in
learning English related with time
- The characteristic of the
students -
The gap between the students‟ need and the
fulfillment of their needs so far
- The method and technique
used by the lecturer so far -
Teaching and learning activity in English class
- Students‟ motivation and
participation -
The use of ICT in teaching -
Nursing students
of Poltekks
Yogyakarta -
English Lecturers
of Poltekkes
Yogyakarta Questionnaire
Interview
