their own identity. This sense of who they are can be caught up, which results in a sense of confusion about themselves and their role in the world.
The sixth is intimacy versus isolation. When children entered young adulthood stage, they begin to share their selves more intimately with others. They
explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone. Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of
commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Failure on this stage can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
The seventh is generativity versus stagnation. During middle adulthood, people establish careers, settle down relationship, begin their own families and
develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. People give back to society through raising children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in
community activities and organizations. Failure in fulfilling these roles, people become stagnant and feel unproductive.
The eighth is ego integrity versus despair .
When the time to grow older comes as senior citizens, people tend to slow down productivity. It is the time to
contemplate our accomplishments and our ability to develop integrity if we see ourselves have a successful life. However, if we see our lives unproductive we
will feel guilt about our pasts. We become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.
2.1.2.4 Theory of Personality Development
Almost all of human being is not completely satisfied with his or her personality. Therefore, some of us intend to change it Hurlock 119. As a human
being it is usual that through our experiences with our family, friends, co-workers, companions and the society, we find that one or some of our personalities are not
accepted by them. Then, we want to change it. Elizabeth Hurlock states that there are at least three major categories of
personality changes named better versus worse, quantitative versus qualitative and slow versus rapid changes. The changes on personality can be named better or
worse depend on the kind of life adjustment the individual is making at the time. If the life adjustment is success in every stage like the improvement of self-
concept, self-confidence and self-assurance, we can call it a better change. In contrast, if there is no life adjustment because of a sense of failure from self-
expectation, inferiority and inadequacy which can be expressed in antagonism, defensive reaction, depression, distress and many others, we can name it worse
changes. Another type of personality change is quantitative versus qualitative.
Quantitative personality change is the development of personality that can be easily seen from the increase of predominant modes of behavior as the person
grows older. The examples of it are the characteristics that already present are being reinforced, strengthened or can be weakened. While, qualitative personality
change is either the complete replacement of a desirable trait by undesirable one
or vice versa. Furthermore, qualitative changes do not normally occur even in the early years of life. Therefore, it is very rarely occurred.
Finally, we can differ that the personality changes can be slow versus rapid. The changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible. It normally
occurs in every human being that we grow slowly and gradually. Meanwhile rapid changes are the personality changes that are readily apparent to all. Here, rapid
changes at any age are danger signals. Changes in short duration are usually due to some artificial stimulation which temporarily causes the person to forget his
real self-concept and see himself as he would like to be.
2.1.2.5 The Influence of Family on Personality Development
Family is the smallest unit of the society. It contains a father, a mother and children. Each member of a family has his or her role. What is meant by
parents’ role is the dynamic aspect of the status as parents English 13. Family could be in the first rank that influences personality development.
The influence does not just happen in the time of childhood but also takes effect on the adulthood. As mentioned by Hurlock in Personality Development, we can
summarize that family can influence individual directly or indirectly. We can say directly because family shapes the personality development by molding and
communication. However, it can be indirectly if the influence comes from identification, unconscious imitation of attitudes and behavior patterns Hurlock
352-353.
