2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches
In order to have reasonable judgments of the study, it is necessary to employ some theories. Therefore, the reasonable judgments enable me to
reach further analysis of the novel and do more exploration. In brief, by employing the critical approaches, I can acquire the understanding both
on how literature is formed and the values which can be revealed.
Rohberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature determine five critical approaches. The first is called the formalist approach. This
approach focuses on its total integrity of the literary works and becomes references to the understanding to the piece of literary work. Therefore, formalism
seeks to emphasize the importance of the format elements of literature related to the language, form and content of literary text.
The second is called the biographical approach. A work of art can be a reflection of personality of its author. Therefore, this approach attempts to learn as
much as it can be about the biography of the author. As a result, the biographical approach provides knowledge that can be useful for a better understanding and
appreciation of his or her work. The third is the sociocultural-historical approach. This approach insists the
analysis of socio, cultural and historical background as the references to the further understanding of the story. This approach is used in analyzing the literary
works by referring to the civilization or society in which the literary works are produced. Therefore, readers can understand the culture that produces literature.
The fourth is the mythopeic approach. This approach attempts to find the particular recurrent patterns of human thought that is
used to find expression in significant works of art. In general, the patterns involve death, and rebirth,
guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of behavior basic to Christian technology. This approach shares same universal belief; myth or folk rights to
certain community mind. The fifth, the psychological approach involves theories of psychology to
analyze characters in the story because the characters have a close relationship with human life. It draws on a different body of knowledge that
is psychology. Various theories of psychology explain the character’s personality, motivation, and behavior pattern in a story.
To conduct this study, I use the psychological approach especially about theory of personality development and theory of psychosocial development as the
guideline to analyze the character in the novel. By using psychological approach, each character’s attitudes can be compared to the psychology of human being. This
approach involves the theory of psychology to analyze the characters in the story. Consequently, the characters’ thought, attitudes, behavior and personality can be
marked more deeply.
2.1.2 Theory of Psychology
To analyze Posey’s and Chick’ personalities and self developments, it is worth to review the theory of psychology especially some theories on personality
and personality development.
2.1.2.1 Theory of Personality
Many psychologists have their own perception to describe personality. They propose their theories on personality in an attempt to explain human
behavior. Personality assessment is really important in many areas of psychology, and a variety of methods have been developed to measure personal
characteristics accurately. The personality theories provide concepts to identify the factors that influence the development of personality and everyday behaviors
in individual. It helps us understand why everyone is unique. The word personality is defined as “the dynamic organization
characteristics attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from others” and it refers to the total individual and includes “needs, motives,
and methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self concepts, role behaviors, attitudes, values and abilities Kalish 51-52. This means that a dynamic person
is forceful, always moving and filled with energy. Personality can be defined as dynamic because human being is constantly
changing. Each change affects the entire personality. No element of personality is isolated from any other element Kalish 52. Therefore every single change in
personality gives influence to the whole personality even affects others’ in a bigger circumstance.
2.1.2.2 The Personality Pattern
Personality is not inherited. Personality is a product of individual learning formed by the social relationships with people. As it is written
in Hurlock’s
Personality Development, we could reiterate that there are three major factors that work to determine the development of personality pattern. Those factors are
like following. The first is from individual’s heredity gift. Physique, intelligence and
temperament are the result of heredity. The personality pattern can be determined by and closely associated with the process of becoming mature from both of
physical and mental characteristics. However, that factor cannot control self but just evolves within individual. Therefore, the personality pattern develops from
the interaction with the environment. The second factor is the early experiences within the family. This factor
provides the understanding that an individual will be so affected with the length process of life in the family.
The third is the important events in later life outside the home environment. The personality pattern can be defined by the experiences with the
environment whether it is close to the home or far away. Individual can choose whether he or she would like to imitate what he or she gets from environment or
follows his or her own initiate. Therefore, the personality pattern is not the product of learning or just
from the heredity. Those factors can create individual’s personality pattern because the individual selects it from his environment
about what fits to his needs and rejects what doesn’t. However, people are not totally free to choose
and develop personality pattern they want, because people have a limitation which makes people different. This limitation comes from the heredity.
2.1.2.3 Theory of Psychosocial Development
Erikson 1902-1994 maintains that children develop in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on cognitive development, he is interested in how
children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development as it is read from Feist and Feist Theories of
Personality, Diane Papalia, Olds and Feldman in their book Human Development and Bukatko in his book Child and Adolescent Development: A Chronological
Approach has eight distinct stages which have two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality
and successful interactions with others. Failure to complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy
personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time.
The first is basic trust versus mistrust. From the age after born up to the first year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others. If trust
is developed successfully, children gain confidence and security in the world around them.
Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore a sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result of the anxiety,
insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.
The second is autonomy versus shame and doubt. Between the ages of one to three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their
mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like
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