Psychodynamic Theories Critical Approaches

23 discover in each its essence. They may be things or thoughts, persons or events, categories or states of affairs, or they may be mental constructs such as numbers or geometrical figures. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality the directedness of experience toward things in the world, the property of consciousness that it is a consciousness of or about something, which is directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object. The most popular idea comes from Carl R. Rogers who assumes that the best vantage point for understanding behavior is from the internal frame of reference of the individual itself Rogers, 1951: 494. And behavior depends on how one perceives the world, that behavior is the result of events as they are perceived and interpreted by the individual. According to Husserl http:plato.stanford.eduentriesphenomenology accessed on 22 November 2007, phenomenology studies the structure of various types of experience ranging from perception, thought, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, and volition to bodily awareness, embodied action, and social activity, including linguistic activity. In recent philosophy of mind, the term phenomenology is often restricted to the characterization of sensory qualities of seeing, hearing, etc.: what it is like to have sensations of various kinds. It is addressing the meaning things have in people’s experiences, notably, the significance of objects, events, tools, the flow of time, the self, and others, as these things arise and are experienced in people’s life-world”. And there is a tendency of people to develop all their capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance themselves Rogers, 1959: 196. Therefore, the 24 primary motive in the people’s lives is to actualize, maintain, and enhance their selves through their direct experiences with the environment or society and may also incorporate their perceptions of others. According to Rogers, actualizing tendency comes from the experiences that someone perceived from the world around them, in this case is the environment or the society. For example actualizing tendency of a person are wanting to achieve good status, obtain a good job, enrich and satisfy himself as the ways the person tries to adapt himself in the condition of the society around him. Here the relationship between the person and his environment or the society is also important. The objective situation in which a person is involved needs to be considered. It means that a person has to know his society, how the society perceives him as an individual, and how the society responds to his behavior and his self-actualization. Therefore, one needs to interact to others and build relationship within the society in order to assure that the society perceive and give positive responses. And the way people actualize themselves can be identified as the way of self- searching in which a person tries to search his identity or personality within the society where he is involved. Here, phenomenological theory can be used to analyze the external factors such as their relationship and their roles in society affecting the two main characters searching for their self identity.

4. Theory of Friendship

Here, this study is going to use the theory of friendship according to Beebe. In his 25 book, Inter Personal Communication Relating to Other , Beebe explains the nature about friendship. “A friend is someone we trust, the one whom we share a good and bad time with. Someone who will always be there for you, even in the worst time, holds your hand when you are lonely and wipe your tears when you cry” 412. According to Beebe, there are three reasons why people need to build friendship with others, they are:

a. The Need of Inclusion

Everyone has a need to be included in events, activities, and beliefs. And to be included in events, activities, and beliefs, everyone needs human contact and fellowship. One needs to be invited by others to join with or vise versa, one probably need to invite others to join in. And since humans are unique, that everyone has different personality, it will be different to treat one to another. Besides that, the types and the qualities of the relationship can also be different from one and another. For example, the friendship among girls is different from boys; the friendship among children is different from teens or even adults.

b. The Need for Control

Everyone also needs some degrees of dominion over the relationship they build with others. Every person has to keep their control in the way they behave, speak, and think toward their relationship in order to predict how others will respond. Besides that ones also have to be controlled by others in order to keep the stability 26 and harmony in their relationship and interactions with others.

c. The Need of Affection

Inevitably, according to Beebe, everyone needs to get and give love, encourage and motivate each other, support warmth and intimacy each other, even though the quality and the amount are different from each other. From the love, support of warmth and intimacy, people know that they are accepted in one community especially in their closer relationship with others, and people also can fell that they are worth enough for others. From those needs, Beebe concludes and states that the meaning of friendship is dealing with one’s physical and mental needs. In his book 413, Beebe says “Besides helping us enjoying a healthy life, friends help us to cope with the stress, take care of physical needs even help us in the development of our personality. Friends help us with uncertainty and have a profound influence on our behavior”. As said by Beebe about friendship 413, it can be concluded that friendship can influence someone’s personality and self-identity. A friend can give love, support, views of life, and can help in deciding whether something are good or bad.

5. Theory of the Relationship between Psychology and Literature

Psychology is a science that has many branches of case study and can be correlated with many other fields of knowledge, one of them is literary work. According to James, “Psychology is the science of mental life, both the phenomena,