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human personality, motivation, and behavior patterns within the literary work. And psychology itself focuses on behavior and mental processes that include
cognition knowing, perceiving, attending, remembering, reasoning, solving problems, dreaming, fantasizing, wishing, anticipating, and etc.”
Therefore, this study employs the psychological approach since it can identify how a character influences one another, how a character develops or changes in behavior
with his or her age, how and why a character differs from one another and how those differences can be analyzed. For instance, a person has different reactions to jokes,
conflicts, and under stress. The study also employs some supporting theories come from the knowledge
of psychology to analyze and investigate the problems. Those theories are Psychoanalytic Theory, Psychodynamic Theory, Phenomenological Theory, Theory
of Friendship, and Theory of the Relationship between Psychology and Literature.
1. Psychoanalytic Theory
There are psychological view points that try to understand and explain people in general, to apply to all or most human beings rather than to the individual. And
psychoanalytic, one of psychological view points is a body of theory originated by Sigmund Freud that stresses the influence of unconscious motivation and drives on all
human behavior Cirese, 1985: 53. According to Freud, one’s experiences in early childhood, especially those
with sexual significance, have a lasting influence on one’s personality, and are often the basis for one’s adult emotional problems. “Psychoanalysis contains views of the
person and of society and even a total philosophy of life,” as said by Freud Flahive,
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2005: 74. Here it concerns with consciousness, which is the contents of mind, something that we are aware of or not unconscious. Flahive in his book has an
opinion on the psychoanalytic theory of personality 2005: 77 suggests that: “Much of our behavior, perhaps the majority of it, is determined by the
unconscious forces, and that much of our psychic energy is devoted either to finding acceptable expression of unconscious ideas or to keeping them
unconscious.”
And in using psychoanalytic view to analyze one’s personality, it is found some important terms such as ID the most primitive part of the personality,
containing unconsciousness and aggressive impulses, Superego the conscience part including the internalization of moral standards set by one’s parents, Ego part of the
personality that mediates between ID and the Superego, as well as responding to the environment, the rational, reality-oriented component of personality, Ego defense
that is the ego’s unconscious mechanisms distorting feelings or perceptions that make some people turn aside feelings of anxiety, guilt, and conflict Cirese, 1985: 53-55.
According to Freud, ID represents the source of all drive energy. It pursues pleasure and avoids pain. In the other word, it is the basis of personality, the energy
source for the whole system, and the foundation from which the Ego and Superego later become differentiated Mischel, 1976: 31. ID functions according to primary
process and the pleasure principle, unconsciously seeks immediate satisfaction of biologically based drives, and is the source of psychic energy libido.
Then Ego functions according to secondary process and the reality principle; it refers to processes whereby the individual becomes aware of eternal reality and
makes judgments or decisions about what actions are relevant and appropriate
