G. Definition of Terms
There are some terms mentioned in the title of this thesis that need to define in order to avoid misinterpretations. They are:
1. Instructional Material Design
The terms instructional material design used refers to a set of planning activities that must take fully into account the learning conditions that need
to be established in order to have the desired effects Gagne Briggs, 1978:5. According to the definition, the writer formulates the term
instructional materials design as a set of planning activities that consider the learning condition in order to promote student’s values of life using short
stories for the sixth grade of elementary school students.
2. Short Story
The term short story in this study is a type of literature, which has the following characteristics:
Ross and Wallace 1953:xv define ‘short story’ as a short narrative, usually fictitious, almost always in prose, which creates a mood, illuminates
a character or two, develops a single series of events. The future explanation normally the maximum for short story is approximately fifteen thousand
words, or fifty pages. In this study the writer formulates short story as a kind of narrative that the content has no more than three thousand words or two
pages maximum.
3. Value
The term ‘value’ here is defined as a standard or yardstick for judging objects or events. Value changes not only in adolescence but also through
life. Value plays a key role in guiding action, resolving conflicts, giving direction and coherence to life. Values are motivators, not only in daily
actions, but also over the long haul Kalven, 1982:8. According to the definition above, the writer formulates value as a standard that one has to
judge about objects or events and guides one to act and to see their life.
4. Values of life
The term value of life is defined as moral value assigned to life in general, or to specific living organisms
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5. Promote
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 1995: 927 “to promote” is to help the progress of something; to encourage or support
something. To promote also means to raise somebody to a higher position or rank. Adopting these definitions, the writer formulates the word ‘promote’ to
help students to make the progress of their own values of life to a higher understanding and awareness by using short stories for the sixth grade of
elementary school students. The writer uses the terms ‘promote’ to encourage and to discover the
students to explore theirself, their own value and their goals in their life, decide what things they need and learn them in ways that are meaningful to
them. This study is not an attempt to teach students’ “right” or “wrong” value. However, this study is an approach that was designed to help students
prize and act upon their own freely chosen values. The focus is on the process by which students arrive at their own values.
6. Personal Competence
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