Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
7.8.4. Pesticide applications for fly control
Pesticides are not widely used for controlling flies in urban areas. Most urban fly popu- lations are adults, and it is difficult to treat local populations effectively with pesticides. The exception is during times of large-scale disasters, when fly populations can reach catastrophic levels very quickly. During these situations, aerial applications of labelled pesticides may result in exposing some people to the pesticides. However, the expected public exposure in urban areas should be minimal. Around structures, the only pesticide applications made, are those applied topically to outdoor walls where flies rest. Pest control operators make these applications, and the general public receives little or no exposure. Topically applied residual pesticides are available, but not highly recommen- ded. Unless applied to known fly resting sites, and reapplied regularly, these chemicals may increase the chances of developing pesticide resistance in local fly populations Hemingway Ranson, 2000. In private dwellings, commercial aerosol pesticides should give adequate protection against small numbers of flies that enter. The only other pesticides in use around buil- dings are granular baits, and these are localized in bait stations and are out of the reach of people and animals. There still may be some indoor or outdoor spray systems in ope- ration, with pyrethrins or synthetic pyrethroids most likely used as toxicants. Whenever possible, pesticide use should be minimized in urban areas. For a review of fly-management techniques, including pesticides, see Farkas Hogsette 2000.7.8.5 Granular baits
These baits are in granular form and can be placed in bait stations or scattered on the ground, depending on label restrictions and local regulations. Baits contain stomach poi- sons and are best used for housefly management. Most of the older granular baits on the market contain methomyl as the active ingredient, but there are at least two new baits on the market with new active ingredients spinosad and imidacloprid that should prove useful in urban areas, if applied properly. Unless flies are present in large numbers on patios or in garden areas, these baits would not normally be recommended for home owners or apartment dwellers. Granular baits have been used successfully around com- mercial establishments, such as restaurants and supermarkets, to manage moderate fly populations in the outer rear areas of stores. Bait stations are available, and they consist of granular baits affixed to cardboard strips and encased in a protective mesh. These can be hung or attached to walls to attract and kill flies. Granular baits can be used to quic- kly reduce housefly populations, but seldom can the use of these baits alone control hou- seflies. Flies 224 1.surveillance to identify their presence, species population size and conditions that favour breeding; 2.sustained monitoring of fly populations and conditions that favour breeding; 3.evaluation of survey results; 4.initiation of control measures when established thresholds have been passed and noti- fication of appropriate units responsible for conducting control measures; and 5.continued surveillance, to determine the success of control measures. An effective surveillance programme must have a mechanism for determining the need for control measures. Surveillance usually, but not always, means trapping. Such trap- ping should be conducted at a standardized time and at the same locations. Locations must be accurately identified, so the trap will be placed in the same location for each sub- sequent survey. Traps must be selected carefully to determine the fly species responsible for the problem. Most flies in urban areas will be in the adult stage; larval populations, however, might be encountered if suitable habitats such as garbage and sewage are avai- lable. An index of adult flies may be obtained most efficiently by so-called fly grills Scudder, 1947, 1949, but sticky traps, fly baits, spot counts and many other methods can be used. Larval or pupal specimens, or both, can be found by checking the breeding habi- tats and, if necessary, they can be identified with appropriate taxonomic keys. Because proper identification in the field can be critical, it is important that inspectors be familiar with all life stages. The presence of flies does not automatically initiate a recommendation for control. To help predict when control measures are needed, thresholds are established. The thres- hold value itself is an index calculated from surveillance data. Continuous surveillance over an extended period of time may be required to establish reliable threshold values. Long-term surveillance data may also reveal identifiable trends that can be used to pro- tect the people involved, by allowing control measures to be initiated just before a serious fly problem occurs. Threshold values will vary at different geographical locations, depen- ding on such factors as species, area involved, habitat, collection technique, number of complaints and disease potential. After gaining some experience, a nuisance threshold may be established. In residential areas, for example, if fly complaints are numerous when the average grill index is 25 flies a week or whatever the sampling interval may be, then this may be at or near the nuisance threshold.7.8.3. Fly exclusion practices
Parts
» TAP.COM - PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN PESTS - WHO/EUROPE - WORLD ...
» Risk of developing allergic sensitization
» Risk factors for developing asthma
» Public health impact of urban asthma
» Dust sampling Airborne sampling Comparison of various methods of allergen exposure assessment
» Cockroach sensitization and asthma
» Size characteristics of airborne mouse and rat allergens Residential exposures
» Dust mites Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Cockroaches Rodents Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Comprehensive avoidance of dust mite allergens Multifaceted primary prevention studies
» Limited avoidance of dust mite allergens
» Targeting housing conditions of high-risk groups
» Smokybrown cockroach American cockroach Oriental cockroach
» Brownbanded cockroach Allergy and asthma overview
» Food contamination and disease transmission
» Cost of control and management
» Impact of poverty Cockroaches
» Public costs 1. Cost of health-related conditions
» IPM of cockroaches Cockroaches
» Baits Cockroach control: pesticide applications
» Alternative strategies Cockroach control: sanitation practices
» Biological control Conclusions Cockroaches
» Origins and natural history Habitats within the home
» Food Limiting factors Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» CEH Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» The building envelope Impact of building construction
» The ventilation and heating system
» Furniture and furnishings Overall effect of the housing environment on health or illness
» Sampling methods Dust mite and allergen inspection and detection methods
» Mechanical solutions Modifying environmental conditions
» Washing Dusting Dry cleaning Vacuuming
» Home disinfectants Electric blankets Bed heaters Freezing
» Sunlight Steam cleaning Cleaning
» Autoclaving Steam cleaning Temperature control
» Barrier fabrics Temperature control
» Habitat modification Carpets Physical control methods
» Soft furnishings Air filters
» Anti-allergy sprays Antimicrobial treatments Dehumidifiers
» Pesticides Building construction Methods of house dust mite control
» Control methods Medical practitioners Other
» Background Biology and bionomics
» Other species of Cimicidae that can affect people
» Evidence of resurgence in N orth America
» Future prospects Resurgence of bedbug populations in Europe and North America
» Importance as pests Economic impact Bites and health effects
» Conducive environmental conditions An integrated approach to bedbug management
» Physical removal Exclusion Physical removal and exclusion
» Inspection Detection Inspection, detection and education
» Heat Cold Controlled atmospheres
» Use of pest management products
» Benchmarks for success in bedbug management Conclusions
» Introduction Flea biology Fleas
» Health risk and exposure assessment
» Cost for control and management
» Cost of health-related conditions
» Flea exclusion and physical removal Pesticide applications for flea control
» Foggers General surface treatments IGRs
» On-animal products Conducive environmental conditions
» Pharaoh ant biology Overview of biology and distribution in Europe and North America
» Health hazards 1. Pharaoh ant infestations: pathogen transmission and contamination
» Pharaoh ant distribution and population monitoring
» Fire ant population assessment and monitoring methods
» Fire ant geographic range and potential expansion Fire ants: stinging incidents
» Fire ants: cost of eradication
» Physical exclusion Residual contact insecticides
» Insecticidal baits Fire ants: cost of health-related issues, control and management
» Efficacy of management practices
» Implementation of fire ant control programmes
» Confirmation. Determine where control is needed.
» Fire ants Emerging problems and policy options
» Introduction Biology and bionomics of filth flies in Europe and North America
» N uisance Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Myiasis Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
» Fly exclusion practices Crack-and-crevice treatments Biological control
» Ultraviolet light traps Sticky traps Jar or bag traps Window traps
» Attractants Perimeter treatments Fly management
» Togaviridae: genus Alphavirus Viruses
» Orthomyxoviridae: genus Orthomyxovirus Bacteria
» Coxiellaceae Anaplasmataceae Spirochaetaceae Bacteria
» Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
» Microsporidia Babesiidae Eimeriidae Protozoa
» Zoonoses and sapronoses of wild birds in the urban ecosystem
» Monitoring and surveillance Management implications 1. Benchmarks
» Techniques for dispersing birds in cities
» Control of wild and feral birds in urban areas
» Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
» Introduction Human body lice
» Biological factors Implications for public health
» Louse infestation in Europe and North America
» Physical removal Pesticides Louse management 1. Inspection and detection
» Socioeconomic influences Conducive environmental conditions
» Benchmarks for lice management
» Introduction Ticks of Europe and North America
» LB in Europe and N orth America
» Geographical distribution Lyme borreliosis
» Public health impact of TBE in Europe
» Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Epizootiology and epidemiology
» HME HGA Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
» Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia helvetica
» Clothing Tick removal Clothing impregnation Vaccination
» Host-centred methods Habitat manipulation and urban design
» Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance IPM
» Public activities Pesticide applications
» Surveillance and management Research
» Other mosquito-borne viral infections that cause encephalitides
» Malaria Mosquitoes as a pest nuisance
» Dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever
» Dirofilariasis The spread of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens
» National reporting and Mosquitoes
» Mosquito control and management
» Sanitation and water management
» Adulticiding Larviciding Mosquito monitoring
» Use of predators biological control Passive protection
» Genetic control and transgenic mosquitoes
» Feeding Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Reproduction and life cycle of commensal rodents
» Behaviour relevant to control
» Movement Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Population growth and socialization of commensal rodents
» Sewers and drains Association with urban infrastructure 1. Rodents in housing
» Case study 1 – rat bites in Philadelphia: identifying the factors contributing to risk
» Zoonoses of mice Public health risks in urban areas
» Case study 2: Fairhill case study
» Tree squirrels Types, distribution and abundance
» Chipmunks Ground squirrels, antelope ground squirrels and prairie dogs
» Hamsters Voles Types, distribution and abundance
» Beavers Types, distribution and abundance
» Rabbits and hares Types, distribution and abundance
» Francisella tularensis Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» California group viruses primarily La Crosse virus CTF virus
» Yersiniae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae
» Toxoplasma Toxocara Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Babesiae Leptospirae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Bartonellae Rat-bite fever agents
» Flying squirrels Ground squirrels and antelope ground squirrels
» Tree squirrels Voles and other microtine rodents
» Chipmunks Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Beavers Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Rabbits and hares Old World mice
» Dormice N ew World rats and mice
» Introduction The impacts of anthropogenic transformations
» Risk factors for rodent- and lagomorph-related diseases Public health impact
» Costs, control and management of infestations
» Control and management of non-commensal rodents and rodent-related diseases
» Conclusions Non-commensal rodents and lagomorphs
» EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
» Acute toxicity The precautionary principle
» The substitution doctrine Special considerations given to children’s health
» Toxicity end-points Pesticide hazard identification
» Long-term effects Pesticide hazard identification
» Insecticide synergists N eonicotinoid insecticides
» Spot applications Primary exposure of non-professional users and secondary exposures
» Inhalation Routes of exposure
» Incidental oral exposure Routes of exposure
» Exposure potential Steps of pre-market risk assessment of pesticides
» Tiered approaches to exposure estimation: a basis for risk assessment
» Mathematical mechanistic models Empirical models Some existing models
» Statistical mathematical models SOPs and exposure scenario types
» Comparing pesticide risks from residential and dietary exposures
» Residential applicator exposure assessment
» Toxicity end-points and MOS Residential applicator exposure
» Future actions and data development
» Identification Establishment of threshold levels
» Inspection Evaluation of effectiveness
» Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
» Definitions of IPM An integrated approach to managing urban insects and rodents
» Case study 3 Case study 4 Case study 5
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