Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
8.2.2.8. Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods
8.2.2.8.1. Listeria Listeria monocytogenes , the etiological agent of listeriosis, can cause sporadic septic cases of the disease even in wild birds, such as common starlings and European robins Macdonald, 1968; McDiarmid, 1969. Faecal samples from synanthropic gulls that fed at Scottish sewage works had a higher rate of carriage of the infectious agent 15 than those species that fed elsewhere 4; the infection rate of rooks was generally lower 6 Fenlon, 1985. Also, gulls may play a significant role in contaminating silage with mem- bers of the genus Listeria. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from healthy synanthropic collared doves and house sparrows in the Czech Republic Treml et al., 1993 and from roosting starlings in Switzerland Odermatt et al., 1998; Gautsch et al., 2000. However, no infections of people have been reported as attributable to, or directly associated with, urban birds. 8.2.2.8.2. Erysipelothrix Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , the etiological agent of erysipeloid in man, which is a locali- zed, self-limited cutaneous lesion, can cause epornitics and even mass mortality in water- birds. Other cases have included gulls in Denmark, pigeons, wild ducks and thrushes in Germany, and starlings in the United States Faddoul, Fellows Baird, 1968; Macdonald, 1968; McDiarmid, 1969. However, no E. rhusiopathiae infections of people have been reported as attributable to, or directly associated with, urban birds.8.2.2.9. Mycobacteriaceae
Mycobacterium avium causes tuberculosis mycobacteriosis in many wild avian species, including synanthropic columbiforms, sparrows, corvids, gulls and anatids Plum, 1942; Mitchell Duthie, 1950; Jennings, 1955–1957, 1959; Keymer, 1958; Jennings, 1961; Brickford, Ellis Moses, 1966; ˇSvrˇcek et al., 1966; Blackmore Keymer, 1969; McDiarmid, 1969; Davis, et al., 1971; Schaefer et al., 1973; Baker, 1977; Wobeser, 1997; Smit et al., 1987; Hejlíˇcek Treml, 1993a–c. It is one of the most widespread wild avian infections, often resulting in a marked weight loss, severe muscle atrophy and death. Some synanthropic birds such as wood pigeons in England, house sparrows and rooks elsewhere could be carriers of M. avium and could play a role in the spread of avian tuberculosis to poultry and domestic animals Kubín Matˇejka, 1967. Plum 1942 exa- mined 1000 house and tree sparrows from 40 farms in Denmark and found M. avium in 9 of them; tuberculous lesions were present in 2 of the birds. Several strains of M. avium were isolated from Passer spp. in the Czech Republic; the birds were considered a possible source of tuberculosis infection in cattle Matˇejka Kubín, 1967; Rossi Dokoupil, 1967; Hejlíˇcek Treml, 1993a, c. In the Czech Republic, infected chickens are the main source of mycobacteria for house sparrows Hejlíˇcek Treml, 1993a, c. species as the wood pigeon, Passer spp., the barn swallow, the common starling, the com- mon grackle, the common blackbird, the jackdaw, the rook and the American crow Jennings, 1955–1957; Keymer, 1958; Jennings, 1959, 1961; Clark Locke, 1962; McDiarmid, 1969; Lipaev et al., 1970; Davis et al., 1971; Mair, 1973; Hacking Sileo, 1974. Avian pseudotuberculosis sometimes occurs in epizootic episodes especially during severe winter conditions, and its manifestations are varied: ruffled feathers, anorexia, diarrhoea, lack of coordination and sudden death. Some wild avian species, however, are known to be refractory to natural infection. Isolations of Y. pseudotuberculosis were repor- ted from healthy synanthropic birds: common starlings in France and Switzerland Simitzis-le Flohic et al., 1983; Odermatt et al., 1998; Gautsch et al., 2000, and pied wag- tails in Japan Fukushima Gomyoda, 1991. Gulls were also found to be infected in the Far East Lvov Ilyichev, 1979; Kaneuchi et al., 1989. For people, free-living birds that carry and shed the causative agent via faeces may represent a source of infection. In Japan, Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates from wild ducks were of serotypes 1b and 4b, which repre- sent the most frequent serovars in local human strains, and they contained the same plas- mid types 3 and 1, respectively as human isolates Hamasaki et al., 1989; Fukushima Gomyoda, 1991.8.2.2.7. Gram-positive cocci
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» TAP.COM - PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN PESTS - WHO/EUROPE - WORLD ...
» Risk of developing allergic sensitization
» Risk factors for developing asthma
» Public health impact of urban asthma
» Dust sampling Airborne sampling Comparison of various methods of allergen exposure assessment
» Cockroach sensitization and asthma
» Size characteristics of airborne mouse and rat allergens Residential exposures
» Dust mites Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Cockroaches Rodents Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Comprehensive avoidance of dust mite allergens Multifaceted primary prevention studies
» Limited avoidance of dust mite allergens
» Targeting housing conditions of high-risk groups
» Smokybrown cockroach American cockroach Oriental cockroach
» Brownbanded cockroach Allergy and asthma overview
» Food contamination and disease transmission
» Cost of control and management
» Impact of poverty Cockroaches
» Public costs 1. Cost of health-related conditions
» IPM of cockroaches Cockroaches
» Baits Cockroach control: pesticide applications
» Alternative strategies Cockroach control: sanitation practices
» Biological control Conclusions Cockroaches
» Origins and natural history Habitats within the home
» Food Limiting factors Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» CEH Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» The building envelope Impact of building construction
» The ventilation and heating system
» Furniture and furnishings Overall effect of the housing environment on health or illness
» Sampling methods Dust mite and allergen inspection and detection methods
» Mechanical solutions Modifying environmental conditions
» Washing Dusting Dry cleaning Vacuuming
» Home disinfectants Electric blankets Bed heaters Freezing
» Sunlight Steam cleaning Cleaning
» Autoclaving Steam cleaning Temperature control
» Barrier fabrics Temperature control
» Habitat modification Carpets Physical control methods
» Soft furnishings Air filters
» Anti-allergy sprays Antimicrobial treatments Dehumidifiers
» Pesticides Building construction Methods of house dust mite control
» Control methods Medical practitioners Other
» Background Biology and bionomics
» Other species of Cimicidae that can affect people
» Evidence of resurgence in N orth America
» Future prospects Resurgence of bedbug populations in Europe and North America
» Importance as pests Economic impact Bites and health effects
» Conducive environmental conditions An integrated approach to bedbug management
» Physical removal Exclusion Physical removal and exclusion
» Inspection Detection Inspection, detection and education
» Heat Cold Controlled atmospheres
» Use of pest management products
» Benchmarks for success in bedbug management Conclusions
» Introduction Flea biology Fleas
» Health risk and exposure assessment
» Cost for control and management
» Cost of health-related conditions
» Flea exclusion and physical removal Pesticide applications for flea control
» Foggers General surface treatments IGRs
» On-animal products Conducive environmental conditions
» Pharaoh ant biology Overview of biology and distribution in Europe and North America
» Health hazards 1. Pharaoh ant infestations: pathogen transmission and contamination
» Pharaoh ant distribution and population monitoring
» Fire ant population assessment and monitoring methods
» Fire ant geographic range and potential expansion Fire ants: stinging incidents
» Fire ants: cost of eradication
» Physical exclusion Residual contact insecticides
» Insecticidal baits Fire ants: cost of health-related issues, control and management
» Efficacy of management practices
» Implementation of fire ant control programmes
» Confirmation. Determine where control is needed.
» Fire ants Emerging problems and policy options
» Introduction Biology and bionomics of filth flies in Europe and North America
» N uisance Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Myiasis Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
» Fly exclusion practices Crack-and-crevice treatments Biological control
» Ultraviolet light traps Sticky traps Jar or bag traps Window traps
» Attractants Perimeter treatments Fly management
» Togaviridae: genus Alphavirus Viruses
» Orthomyxoviridae: genus Orthomyxovirus Bacteria
» Coxiellaceae Anaplasmataceae Spirochaetaceae Bacteria
» Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
» Microsporidia Babesiidae Eimeriidae Protozoa
» Zoonoses and sapronoses of wild birds in the urban ecosystem
» Monitoring and surveillance Management implications 1. Benchmarks
» Techniques for dispersing birds in cities
» Control of wild and feral birds in urban areas
» Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
» Introduction Human body lice
» Biological factors Implications for public health
» Louse infestation in Europe and North America
» Physical removal Pesticides Louse management 1. Inspection and detection
» Socioeconomic influences Conducive environmental conditions
» Benchmarks for lice management
» Introduction Ticks of Europe and North America
» LB in Europe and N orth America
» Geographical distribution Lyme borreliosis
» Public health impact of TBE in Europe
» Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Epizootiology and epidemiology
» HME HGA Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
» Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia helvetica
» Clothing Tick removal Clothing impregnation Vaccination
» Host-centred methods Habitat manipulation and urban design
» Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance IPM
» Public activities Pesticide applications
» Surveillance and management Research
» Other mosquito-borne viral infections that cause encephalitides
» Malaria Mosquitoes as a pest nuisance
» Dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever
» Dirofilariasis The spread of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens
» National reporting and Mosquitoes
» Mosquito control and management
» Sanitation and water management
» Adulticiding Larviciding Mosquito monitoring
» Use of predators biological control Passive protection
» Genetic control and transgenic mosquitoes
» Feeding Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Reproduction and life cycle of commensal rodents
» Behaviour relevant to control
» Movement Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Population growth and socialization of commensal rodents
» Sewers and drains Association with urban infrastructure 1. Rodents in housing
» Case study 1 – rat bites in Philadelphia: identifying the factors contributing to risk
» Zoonoses of mice Public health risks in urban areas
» Case study 2: Fairhill case study
» Tree squirrels Types, distribution and abundance
» Chipmunks Ground squirrels, antelope ground squirrels and prairie dogs
» Hamsters Voles Types, distribution and abundance
» Beavers Types, distribution and abundance
» Rabbits and hares Types, distribution and abundance
» Francisella tularensis Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» California group viruses primarily La Crosse virus CTF virus
» Yersiniae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae
» Toxoplasma Toxocara Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Babesiae Leptospirae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Bartonellae Rat-bite fever agents
» Flying squirrels Ground squirrels and antelope ground squirrels
» Tree squirrels Voles and other microtine rodents
» Chipmunks Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Beavers Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Rabbits and hares Old World mice
» Dormice N ew World rats and mice
» Introduction The impacts of anthropogenic transformations
» Risk factors for rodent- and lagomorph-related diseases Public health impact
» Costs, control and management of infestations
» Control and management of non-commensal rodents and rodent-related diseases
» Conclusions Non-commensal rodents and lagomorphs
» EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
» Acute toxicity The precautionary principle
» The substitution doctrine Special considerations given to children’s health
» Toxicity end-points Pesticide hazard identification
» Long-term effects Pesticide hazard identification
» Insecticide synergists N eonicotinoid insecticides
» Spot applications Primary exposure of non-professional users and secondary exposures
» Inhalation Routes of exposure
» Incidental oral exposure Routes of exposure
» Exposure potential Steps of pre-market risk assessment of pesticides
» Tiered approaches to exposure estimation: a basis for risk assessment
» Mathematical mechanistic models Empirical models Some existing models
» Statistical mathematical models SOPs and exposure scenario types
» Comparing pesticide risks from residential and dietary exposures
» Residential applicator exposure assessment
» Toxicity end-points and MOS Residential applicator exposure
» Future actions and data development
» Identification Establishment of threshold levels
» Inspection Evaluation of effectiveness
» Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
» Definitions of IPM An integrated approach to managing urban insects and rodents
» Case study 3 Case study 4 Case study 5
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