EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
14.2.1.5. Pesticide or biocide registration at various regulatory levels
In the United States, each of the 50 states registers pesticides at the state level. California and New York have their own pesticide evaluation and registration programmes that in some instances result in re-evaluation of data reviewed by the EPA. With regard to pes- ticide use in Europe, the United States and Canada, states or provinces can be more res- trictive than the federal or EU registering authority.14.2.1.6. Pesticide enforcement, applicator training and licensing activities
In North America, enforcement of pesticide regulations is generally delegated to state and local jurisdictions, even if the function is a federal mandate. The same is true of pes- ticide applicator training and licensing. The EU does not enforce pesticide regulations at the EU level, but instead enforcement takes place at the national level.14.2.1.7. WHO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
The WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety IPCS, established in 1980, implements international activities related to chemical safety. WHO is the Executing Agency of the IPCS, whose main roles are to establish the scientific basis for safe use of chemicals and to strengthen national capabilities and capacities for chemical safety Licari, Nemer Tamburlini, 2005; WHO IPCS, 2005. Many developing countries are poorly equipped to respond to existing and emerging chemical safety issues. Strengthening the capacity of countries to soundly manage the chemicals they use is a theme that underpins most IPCS activities. In the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, the pesti- cide programme is one of 12 subprogrammes in the Environment, Health and Safety Programme. The goals of the programme are to help OECD countries share the work of developing pesticide risk assessments and to find new approaches to reducing the risk of pesticides. IPCS also works in the areas of international harmonization of pesticide risk and hazard assessments, not to mention labelling and classification. The IPCS and OECD have developed a framework for cooperation in the field of risk assessment methods, which ensures mutual support and involvement in the projects conducted by each organization. IPCS is not a regulatory authority, but rather an advi- sory organization that provides expertise in the area of chemical safety. WHOPES was set up in 1960. It promotes and coordinates the testing and evaluation of pesticides for public health use. Its objectives are: to facilitate the search for alternative pesticides and application methods that are safe and cost effective; to develop and promote policies, strategies and guidelines for the selective and judicious application of pesticides for public health use; and to assist and monitor their implementation by Member States.14.2.2. All-embracing principles and approaches to pesticide regulation
Pesticide regulation involves a number of principles, doctrines and approaches. In parti- cular, it involves the precautionary principle, the substitution doctrine, special conside- ration of children’s health, and exposure assessments based on use patterns. Pesticides: risks and hazards 482 REACH system: it will run the databases necessary to operate the system, coordinate the in-depth evaluation of suspicious chemicals and run a public database that will provide consumers and professionals with information on chemical hazards. REACH aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment by improving the identi- fication and understanding of chemical properties. Also, chemical manufacturers will be responsible for demonstrating the safety of chemicals produced and distributed and, in doing so, for substituting less hazardous chemicals for dangerous ones when suitable alternatives are identified. REACH affects the risk assessment and regulatory status of all chemicals.14.2.1.4. EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
Under EU regulations, pesticides are not defined as described by the North American PCPA or FIFRA. Instead, they are divided into two major regulatory categories: plant protection products and biocidal products. Biocidal products, as defined by Directive 988EC, provide protection against public health pests and include insecticides, repel- lents, attractants, rodenticides, wood preservatives, veterinary hygiene and pet protec- tion products, food and feed disinfectants and most antimicrobial products whether for public heath use or not, film preservatives, and molluscicides. Plant protection products, as defined under Directive 91414EEC, include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and growth regulators. Under Directive 200118EC, on the release into the environment of genetically modified organisms, crops can be insect or herbicide resistant. Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are regulated under the authority of other directives not related to pesticides. Directive 988EC enables harmonization of legislation among EU Member States. The scope of the Directive is very broad, covering 23 different product types. Risk assessment of biocidal products is required before these can be placed on the European market. The EU has designated the ECB, together with experts from EU Member States, as the par- ties responsible for assessing whether or not the biocide data submitted fulfil the requi- rements of the Directive. These decisions are based on outcomes from technical meetings with all EU Member States. The Technical Guidance Document Human exposure to bio- cidal products – guidance on exposure estimation EC, 2002 is used as a basis for conduc- ting the risk assessment. The risk assessment methods for biocides and plant protection products are in accordance with the corresponding national legislation and as much as possible with the corresponding EU legislation. Essentially, a new biocide active ingredient AI has to meet data requirements similar to those in the United States and Canada, and most test guidelines have been harmonized. Risk assessment and evaluation are similar, but the basis for accepting or rejecting a dos- sier can differ between EU and North American regulatory agencies. EU Member States may require additional data from that required for Annex I listing – that is, Annex I to the Directive is a list of active substances that have been successfully evaluated at the EC level and are considered to meet the requirements of Directive 91414. The EU encou- rages work sharing in reviewing submissions and mutual recognition of approval. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests 48514.2.2.4. Basing risk and exposure assessments on use patterns
Parts
» TAP.COM - PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN PESTS - WHO/EUROPE - WORLD ...
» Risk of developing allergic sensitization
» Risk factors for developing asthma
» Public health impact of urban asthma
» Dust sampling Airborne sampling Comparison of various methods of allergen exposure assessment
» Cockroach sensitization and asthma
» Size characteristics of airborne mouse and rat allergens Residential exposures
» Dust mites Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Cockroaches Rodents Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Comprehensive avoidance of dust mite allergens Multifaceted primary prevention studies
» Limited avoidance of dust mite allergens
» Targeting housing conditions of high-risk groups
» Smokybrown cockroach American cockroach Oriental cockroach
» Brownbanded cockroach Allergy and asthma overview
» Food contamination and disease transmission
» Cost of control and management
» Impact of poverty Cockroaches
» Public costs 1. Cost of health-related conditions
» IPM of cockroaches Cockroaches
» Baits Cockroach control: pesticide applications
» Alternative strategies Cockroach control: sanitation practices
» Biological control Conclusions Cockroaches
» Origins and natural history Habitats within the home
» Food Limiting factors Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» CEH Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» The building envelope Impact of building construction
» The ventilation and heating system
» Furniture and furnishings Overall effect of the housing environment on health or illness
» Sampling methods Dust mite and allergen inspection and detection methods
» Mechanical solutions Modifying environmental conditions
» Washing Dusting Dry cleaning Vacuuming
» Home disinfectants Electric blankets Bed heaters Freezing
» Sunlight Steam cleaning Cleaning
» Autoclaving Steam cleaning Temperature control
» Barrier fabrics Temperature control
» Habitat modification Carpets Physical control methods
» Soft furnishings Air filters
» Anti-allergy sprays Antimicrobial treatments Dehumidifiers
» Pesticides Building construction Methods of house dust mite control
» Control methods Medical practitioners Other
» Background Biology and bionomics
» Other species of Cimicidae that can affect people
» Evidence of resurgence in N orth America
» Future prospects Resurgence of bedbug populations in Europe and North America
» Importance as pests Economic impact Bites and health effects
» Conducive environmental conditions An integrated approach to bedbug management
» Physical removal Exclusion Physical removal and exclusion
» Inspection Detection Inspection, detection and education
» Heat Cold Controlled atmospheres
» Use of pest management products
» Benchmarks for success in bedbug management Conclusions
» Introduction Flea biology Fleas
» Health risk and exposure assessment
» Cost for control and management
» Cost of health-related conditions
» Flea exclusion and physical removal Pesticide applications for flea control
» Foggers General surface treatments IGRs
» On-animal products Conducive environmental conditions
» Pharaoh ant biology Overview of biology and distribution in Europe and North America
» Health hazards 1. Pharaoh ant infestations: pathogen transmission and contamination
» Pharaoh ant distribution and population monitoring
» Fire ant population assessment and monitoring methods
» Fire ant geographic range and potential expansion Fire ants: stinging incidents
» Fire ants: cost of eradication
» Physical exclusion Residual contact insecticides
» Insecticidal baits Fire ants: cost of health-related issues, control and management
» Efficacy of management practices
» Implementation of fire ant control programmes
» Confirmation. Determine where control is needed.
» Fire ants Emerging problems and policy options
» Introduction Biology and bionomics of filth flies in Europe and North America
» N uisance Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Myiasis Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
» Fly exclusion practices Crack-and-crevice treatments Biological control
» Ultraviolet light traps Sticky traps Jar or bag traps Window traps
» Attractants Perimeter treatments Fly management
» Togaviridae: genus Alphavirus Viruses
» Orthomyxoviridae: genus Orthomyxovirus Bacteria
» Coxiellaceae Anaplasmataceae Spirochaetaceae Bacteria
» Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
» Microsporidia Babesiidae Eimeriidae Protozoa
» Zoonoses and sapronoses of wild birds in the urban ecosystem
» Monitoring and surveillance Management implications 1. Benchmarks
» Techniques for dispersing birds in cities
» Control of wild and feral birds in urban areas
» Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
» Introduction Human body lice
» Biological factors Implications for public health
» Louse infestation in Europe and North America
» Physical removal Pesticides Louse management 1. Inspection and detection
» Socioeconomic influences Conducive environmental conditions
» Benchmarks for lice management
» Introduction Ticks of Europe and North America
» LB in Europe and N orth America
» Geographical distribution Lyme borreliosis
» Public health impact of TBE in Europe
» Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Epizootiology and epidemiology
» HME HGA Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
» Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia helvetica
» Clothing Tick removal Clothing impregnation Vaccination
» Host-centred methods Habitat manipulation and urban design
» Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance IPM
» Public activities Pesticide applications
» Surveillance and management Research
» Other mosquito-borne viral infections that cause encephalitides
» Malaria Mosquitoes as a pest nuisance
» Dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever
» Dirofilariasis The spread of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens
» National reporting and Mosquitoes
» Mosquito control and management
» Sanitation and water management
» Adulticiding Larviciding Mosquito monitoring
» Use of predators biological control Passive protection
» Genetic control and transgenic mosquitoes
» Feeding Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Reproduction and life cycle of commensal rodents
» Behaviour relevant to control
» Movement Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Population growth and socialization of commensal rodents
» Sewers and drains Association with urban infrastructure 1. Rodents in housing
» Case study 1 – rat bites in Philadelphia: identifying the factors contributing to risk
» Zoonoses of mice Public health risks in urban areas
» Case study 2: Fairhill case study
» Tree squirrels Types, distribution and abundance
» Chipmunks Ground squirrels, antelope ground squirrels and prairie dogs
» Hamsters Voles Types, distribution and abundance
» Beavers Types, distribution and abundance
» Rabbits and hares Types, distribution and abundance
» Francisella tularensis Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» California group viruses primarily La Crosse virus CTF virus
» Yersiniae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae
» Toxoplasma Toxocara Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Babesiae Leptospirae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Bartonellae Rat-bite fever agents
» Flying squirrels Ground squirrels and antelope ground squirrels
» Tree squirrels Voles and other microtine rodents
» Chipmunks Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Beavers Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Rabbits and hares Old World mice
» Dormice N ew World rats and mice
» Introduction The impacts of anthropogenic transformations
» Risk factors for rodent- and lagomorph-related diseases Public health impact
» Costs, control and management of infestations
» Control and management of non-commensal rodents and rodent-related diseases
» Conclusions Non-commensal rodents and lagomorphs
» EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
» Acute toxicity The precautionary principle
» The substitution doctrine Special considerations given to children’s health
» Toxicity end-points Pesticide hazard identification
» Long-term effects Pesticide hazard identification
» Insecticide synergists N eonicotinoid insecticides
» Spot applications Primary exposure of non-professional users and secondary exposures
» Inhalation Routes of exposure
» Incidental oral exposure Routes of exposure
» Exposure potential Steps of pre-market risk assessment of pesticides
» Tiered approaches to exposure estimation: a basis for risk assessment
» Mathematical mechanistic models Empirical models Some existing models
» Statistical mathematical models SOPs and exposure scenario types
» Comparing pesticide risks from residential and dietary exposures
» Residential applicator exposure assessment
» Toxicity end-points and MOS Residential applicator exposure
» Future actions and data development
» Identification Establishment of threshold levels
» Inspection Evaluation of effectiveness
» Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
» Definitions of IPM An integrated approach to managing urban insects and rodents
» Case study 3 Case study 4 Case study 5
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