Public health impact of TBE in Europe
10.5.1.1. Public health impact of TBE in Europe
TBE is the most frequent viral TBD in central Europe. Overall, several thousand clini- cal cases a year occur in Europe: mainly in the Russian Federation 5000–7000 cases a year, the Czech Republic 400–800 cases a year, Latvia 400–800 cases a year, Lithuania 100–400 cases a year, Slovenia 200–300 cases a year, Germany 200–400 cases a year and Hungary 50–250 cases a year. In 1997, 10208 clinical cases of TBE with 121 fata- lities were reported from all over Europe. In 2005, a sharp increase of 50 or more in notified clinical cases of TBE was seen in Switzerland 91 cases in 2004 versus 141 cases in 2005; weeks 1–33 Anonymous, 2005b and Germany 258 cases in 2004 versus 426 cases in 2005 Anonymous, 2005b. Since treatment of this potentially fatal disease depends on the symptoms, vaccination, prevention of infective tick-bite and pasteurization of contaminated milk constitute the first line of defense in preventing TBE. Due to the frequent need for hospitalization often with intensive care, subsequent prolonged recovery time and neurotropic seque- lae, the economic impact of this disease, in addition to its effect on health, is costly. As has been reported in Austria, vaccination programmes can substantially lower the annual incidence of TBE. Vaccination coverage of the Austrian population increased from 6 in 1980 to 86 in 2001, exceeding 90 in some hyperendemic areas Kunz, 2003. This programme led to a steady decline in cases of TBE, drastically reducing the annual health impact for Austria to less than 10. For example, in Carinthia, Austria, there were an average of 155 cases a year from 1973 to 1982, while from 1997 to 2001 there were only four cases a year Kunz, 2003. In Hungary, 3–5 of the population were reported to be vaccinated, and in the southern Bohemia region of the Czech Republic it was 10 WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004. For other European countries, the vaccination status is unknown, but is probably low Kunz, 2003. Ticks 318 on an epidemic scale after consumption of raw milk from TBE-infected goats, sheep or cows. Person-to-person transmission has not been reported. However, vertical virus trans- mission from an infected mother to her fœtus has been described Hubálek Halouzka, 1996. Borrelia genospecies Literature Geographical Ixodes tick Primary vertebrate Primary distribution vector host symptoms B. burgdorferi s.s. Baranton et al. 1992 North America, Europe, I. scapularis Rodents, Arthritis, N. Africa I. dammini insectivores neuropathy I. pacificus I. ricinus I. dentatus B. garinii Baranton et al. 1992 Worldwide I. ricinus Passerine birds, Neuropathy I. persulcatus pheasants I. uriae I. hexagonus I. trianguliceps B. afzelii Canica et al. 1993 Eurasia I. ricinus Rodents Erythema migrans, I. persulcatus skin lesions I. nipponensis B. japonica Kawabata, Masuzawa Japan I. ovatus Not determined — Yanagihara 1993 B. andersonii Marconi, Liveris United States I. dentatus Cottontail rabbit — Schwartz 1995 B. tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1996 Japan I. tanuki Not determined — B. turdi Fukunaga et al. 1996 Japan I. turdus Not determined — B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997 Europe, I. ricinus Birds Unclear North Africa B. valaisiana Wang et al. 1997 Eurasia I. ricinus Passerine birds, Unclear I. columnae pheasants I. granulatus B. bissettii Postic et al. 1998 United States, Europe I. scapularis Not determined Not determined I. pacificus I. spinipalpis B. sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001 China I. ovatus Rodents Unclear B. spielmanii Richter et al. 2006 Central I. ricinus Garden Erythema Europe dormice migrans a Because not all Ixodes ticks have common names, only the scientific names are given here. Note. —: no remarks. Source: CDC 2006. Table 10.6. Overview of known genospecies of B. burgdorferi s.l. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests 321 for example, in Novosibirsk, the Russian Federation H ubalek H alouzka, 1996. Commensal rodents, cats and dogs are known to carry host-seeking ticks into human dwellings in periurban and urban areas. Ixodes ticks can survive for several hours and bite humans, but they do not persist in houses or stables. TBE is most likely to be acquired in forests rich in small mammals, so forest workers, hunters and others highly exposed to this ecotope are at high risk. The seroprevalence of this virus in foresters can reach 12–16 in hyperendemic foci – for example, in Austria and Switzerland. In Germany, seroprevalence rates exceeding 20 have been found in foresters in the Emmendingen and Ludwigsburg counties Kimmig, Oehme Backe, 1998. TBE morbidity rates in the Czech Republic and Slovakia averaged 4.2 1.4–9.9 deaths per 100000 population between 1955 and 2000. In Switzerland Thurgau canton a morbidity rate of 5.4 people per 100000 population was estimated for 1995. The highest morbidity in Germany was estimated for the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, with 1.1 cases per 100000 population. In some cases, up to 76 of human TBE infections can result from consumption of raw milk, as was reported in Belarus Ivanova, 1984. 10.6. RMSF 10.6.1. Public healthParts
» TAP.COM - PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN PESTS - WHO/EUROPE - WORLD ...
» Risk of developing allergic sensitization
» Risk factors for developing asthma
» Public health impact of urban asthma
» Dust sampling Airborne sampling Comparison of various methods of allergen exposure assessment
» Cockroach sensitization and asthma
» Size characteristics of airborne mouse and rat allergens Residential exposures
» Dust mites Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Cockroaches Rodents Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Comprehensive avoidance of dust mite allergens Multifaceted primary prevention studies
» Limited avoidance of dust mite allergens
» Targeting housing conditions of high-risk groups
» Smokybrown cockroach American cockroach Oriental cockroach
» Brownbanded cockroach Allergy and asthma overview
» Food contamination and disease transmission
» Cost of control and management
» Impact of poverty Cockroaches
» Public costs 1. Cost of health-related conditions
» IPM of cockroaches Cockroaches
» Baits Cockroach control: pesticide applications
» Alternative strategies Cockroach control: sanitation practices
» Biological control Conclusions Cockroaches
» Origins and natural history Habitats within the home
» Food Limiting factors Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» CEH Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» The building envelope Impact of building construction
» The ventilation and heating system
» Furniture and furnishings Overall effect of the housing environment on health or illness
» Sampling methods Dust mite and allergen inspection and detection methods
» Mechanical solutions Modifying environmental conditions
» Washing Dusting Dry cleaning Vacuuming
» Home disinfectants Electric blankets Bed heaters Freezing
» Sunlight Steam cleaning Cleaning
» Autoclaving Steam cleaning Temperature control
» Barrier fabrics Temperature control
» Habitat modification Carpets Physical control methods
» Soft furnishings Air filters
» Anti-allergy sprays Antimicrobial treatments Dehumidifiers
» Pesticides Building construction Methods of house dust mite control
» Control methods Medical practitioners Other
» Background Biology and bionomics
» Other species of Cimicidae that can affect people
» Evidence of resurgence in N orth America
» Future prospects Resurgence of bedbug populations in Europe and North America
» Importance as pests Economic impact Bites and health effects
» Conducive environmental conditions An integrated approach to bedbug management
» Physical removal Exclusion Physical removal and exclusion
» Inspection Detection Inspection, detection and education
» Heat Cold Controlled atmospheres
» Use of pest management products
» Benchmarks for success in bedbug management Conclusions
» Introduction Flea biology Fleas
» Health risk and exposure assessment
» Cost for control and management
» Cost of health-related conditions
» Flea exclusion and physical removal Pesticide applications for flea control
» Foggers General surface treatments IGRs
» On-animal products Conducive environmental conditions
» Pharaoh ant biology Overview of biology and distribution in Europe and North America
» Health hazards 1. Pharaoh ant infestations: pathogen transmission and contamination
» Pharaoh ant distribution and population monitoring
» Fire ant population assessment and monitoring methods
» Fire ant geographic range and potential expansion Fire ants: stinging incidents
» Fire ants: cost of eradication
» Physical exclusion Residual contact insecticides
» Insecticidal baits Fire ants: cost of health-related issues, control and management
» Efficacy of management practices
» Implementation of fire ant control programmes
» Confirmation. Determine where control is needed.
» Fire ants Emerging problems and policy options
» Introduction Biology and bionomics of filth flies in Europe and North America
» N uisance Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Myiasis Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
» Fly exclusion practices Crack-and-crevice treatments Biological control
» Ultraviolet light traps Sticky traps Jar or bag traps Window traps
» Attractants Perimeter treatments Fly management
» Togaviridae: genus Alphavirus Viruses
» Orthomyxoviridae: genus Orthomyxovirus Bacteria
» Coxiellaceae Anaplasmataceae Spirochaetaceae Bacteria
» Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
» Microsporidia Babesiidae Eimeriidae Protozoa
» Zoonoses and sapronoses of wild birds in the urban ecosystem
» Monitoring and surveillance Management implications 1. Benchmarks
» Techniques for dispersing birds in cities
» Control of wild and feral birds in urban areas
» Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
» Introduction Human body lice
» Biological factors Implications for public health
» Louse infestation in Europe and North America
» Physical removal Pesticides Louse management 1. Inspection and detection
» Socioeconomic influences Conducive environmental conditions
» Benchmarks for lice management
» Introduction Ticks of Europe and North America
» LB in Europe and N orth America
» Geographical distribution Lyme borreliosis
» Public health impact of TBE in Europe
» Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Epizootiology and epidemiology
» HME HGA Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
» Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia helvetica
» Clothing Tick removal Clothing impregnation Vaccination
» Host-centred methods Habitat manipulation and urban design
» Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance IPM
» Public activities Pesticide applications
» Surveillance and management Research
» Other mosquito-borne viral infections that cause encephalitides
» Malaria Mosquitoes as a pest nuisance
» Dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever
» Dirofilariasis The spread of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens
» National reporting and Mosquitoes
» Mosquito control and management
» Sanitation and water management
» Adulticiding Larviciding Mosquito monitoring
» Use of predators biological control Passive protection
» Genetic control and transgenic mosquitoes
» Feeding Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Reproduction and life cycle of commensal rodents
» Behaviour relevant to control
» Movement Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Population growth and socialization of commensal rodents
» Sewers and drains Association with urban infrastructure 1. Rodents in housing
» Case study 1 – rat bites in Philadelphia: identifying the factors contributing to risk
» Zoonoses of mice Public health risks in urban areas
» Case study 2: Fairhill case study
» Tree squirrels Types, distribution and abundance
» Chipmunks Ground squirrels, antelope ground squirrels and prairie dogs
» Hamsters Voles Types, distribution and abundance
» Beavers Types, distribution and abundance
» Rabbits and hares Types, distribution and abundance
» Francisella tularensis Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» California group viruses primarily La Crosse virus CTF virus
» Yersiniae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae
» Toxoplasma Toxocara Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Babesiae Leptospirae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Bartonellae Rat-bite fever agents
» Flying squirrels Ground squirrels and antelope ground squirrels
» Tree squirrels Voles and other microtine rodents
» Chipmunks Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Beavers Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Rabbits and hares Old World mice
» Dormice N ew World rats and mice
» Introduction The impacts of anthropogenic transformations
» Risk factors for rodent- and lagomorph-related diseases Public health impact
» Costs, control and management of infestations
» Control and management of non-commensal rodents and rodent-related diseases
» Conclusions Non-commensal rodents and lagomorphs
» EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
» Acute toxicity The precautionary principle
» The substitution doctrine Special considerations given to children’s health
» Toxicity end-points Pesticide hazard identification
» Long-term effects Pesticide hazard identification
» Insecticide synergists N eonicotinoid insecticides
» Spot applications Primary exposure of non-professional users and secondary exposures
» Inhalation Routes of exposure
» Incidental oral exposure Routes of exposure
» Exposure potential Steps of pre-market risk assessment of pesticides
» Tiered approaches to exposure estimation: a basis for risk assessment
» Mathematical mechanistic models Empirical models Some existing models
» Statistical mathematical models SOPs and exposure scenario types
» Comparing pesticide risks from residential and dietary exposures
» Residential applicator exposure assessment
» Toxicity end-points and MOS Residential applicator exposure
» Future actions and data development
» Identification Establishment of threshold levels
» Inspection Evaluation of effectiveness
» Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
» Definitions of IPM An integrated approach to managing urban insects and rodents
» Case study 3 Case study 4 Case study 5
Show more