Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
15.1.2.5. Evaluation of effectiveness
The purpose of evaluating effectiveness is to determine whether the IPM plan was imple- mented as designed plan process objectives met and whether the objectives of the plan were attained pest reduction and exposure objectives met. The process of evaluating effectiveness is as follows. The evaluation determines how effective the implementation of each of the first four steps has been. The process used to implement each step is described and evaluated to determine if any phase of the IPM plan could have been implemented with greater efficiency and effectiveness. The lessons learned from the evaluation are documented and used to improve the implementation process. The methods used to evaluate the reduction of pest activity and exposure are determined and executed at the beginning of the IPM process. During implementation of the first four steps – inspection, identification, establishment of thresholds and employment of control measures – monitoring surveys are conducted to document pest numbers, pest activity and opportunities for human–pest interaction. These surveys determine whether the pest population has been reduced below the site-specific threshold level pest reduc- tion and exposure outcomes. Examples of pest and exposure reduction indicators include: frequency, number and time of visual sightings; insect activity following aerosol flushing; pests counts obtained from vacuuming; positive bait stations; flea egg counts; presence of rodent and cockroach droppings; positive sticky and snap traps; mosquito larval dipper counts, adult trapping counts, and adult landing and bite counts; tick counts; signs of rodent gnawing and food contamination, number of active burrows, runways and the presence of rodent tracks. The survey information is used to identify causative factors that have not been fully addressed during implementation. The evaluation of the effec- tiveness step documents the attainment of the process and pest reduction objectives esta- blished in the IPM plan. In summary, the aims of this last component of IPM are to: • evaluate the outcome of the interventions implemented and determine whether the pro- cess and pest reduction objectives have been achieved; and • document actions and decisions and maintain clear and detailed records.15.1.2.6. Develop an IPM plan
The key elements in developing an IPM plan are as follows. • The management plan must have clear objectives and outcome measures. • The plan should ensure the development of partnerships and collaborative efforts with all stakeholders, including building occupants, community members, political authori- ties, leaders, decision-makers and technical experts. • Partners should actively participate in the development of the plan. Integrated pest management 548 In addition to health and safety thresholds, local legal restrictions on pest infestation, indi- vidual tolerance levels and economic concerns should be considered when developing a site-specific action threshold. Some economic concerns are residents being unable to afford widespread control measures or a municipality requesting preventative measures, rather than thorough inspection, due to cost concerns. In summary, the aim of this third component of IPM is to establish pest threshold levels with the participation of community members, building residents, contact people and health authorities, where appropriate.15.1.2.4. Employment of two or more control measures
The purpose of employing two or more control measures is to design and implement an IPM programme that uses as many control measures as necessary to suppress insect and rodent infestations. All practical, reasonable and effective control measures should be considered in the development of the plan. The process of employing two or more control measures is as follows. Control measures may be grouped into five categories: sanitary, mechanical, cultural, biological and che- mical. From these groups, two or more interventions should be selected that will deny pests access to food, water and harbourage and that interrupt the life-cycle of the targe- ted pest. This integrated approach requires the participation of the people who live in infested premises. Residents may be asked to change housekeeping practices, clean interior and exterior areas, place trash in a refuse container equipped with a tight-fitting cover, and other measures designed to discourage pests from living at the site. Prevention is a criti- cal aspect of an integrated programme, and such preventive measures as improved sani- tation, proper waste storage and removal, and other cultural, mechanical or natural methods are used. Other effective measures include sealing cracks and crevices, stopping the intrusion and accumulation of moisture, using physical barriers to block pest entrance points and informing community members particularly owners and occupants of infes- ted premises about actions they can take to control rodent and insect pests. In summary, the aims of this fourth component of IPM are to: • determine the best management practices for control of the identified pest; • develop intervention options; • select the most appropriate intervention option, with community and resident partici- pation; • develop an intervention plan; and • obtain necessary approvals and implement the selected intervention option. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests 55115.1.4. Case studies and the benefits of IPM
Parts
» TAP.COM - PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN PESTS - WHO/EUROPE - WORLD ...
» Risk of developing allergic sensitization
» Risk factors for developing asthma
» Public health impact of urban asthma
» Dust sampling Airborne sampling Comparison of various methods of allergen exposure assessment
» Cockroach sensitization and asthma
» Size characteristics of airborne mouse and rat allergens Residential exposures
» Dust mites Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Cockroaches Rodents Studies examining thresholds of exposure relevant to disease
» Comprehensive avoidance of dust mite allergens Multifaceted primary prevention studies
» Limited avoidance of dust mite allergens
» Targeting housing conditions of high-risk groups
» Smokybrown cockroach American cockroach Oriental cockroach
» Brownbanded cockroach Allergy and asthma overview
» Food contamination and disease transmission
» Cost of control and management
» Impact of poverty Cockroaches
» Public costs 1. Cost of health-related conditions
» IPM of cockroaches Cockroaches
» Baits Cockroach control: pesticide applications
» Alternative strategies Cockroach control: sanitation practices
» Biological control Conclusions Cockroaches
» Origins and natural history Habitats within the home
» Food Limiting factors Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» CEH Distribution in Europe and N orth America
» The building envelope Impact of building construction
» The ventilation and heating system
» Furniture and furnishings Overall effect of the housing environment on health or illness
» Sampling methods Dust mite and allergen inspection and detection methods
» Mechanical solutions Modifying environmental conditions
» Washing Dusting Dry cleaning Vacuuming
» Home disinfectants Electric blankets Bed heaters Freezing
» Sunlight Steam cleaning Cleaning
» Autoclaving Steam cleaning Temperature control
» Barrier fabrics Temperature control
» Habitat modification Carpets Physical control methods
» Soft furnishings Air filters
» Anti-allergy sprays Antimicrobial treatments Dehumidifiers
» Pesticides Building construction Methods of house dust mite control
» Control methods Medical practitioners Other
» Background Biology and bionomics
» Other species of Cimicidae that can affect people
» Evidence of resurgence in N orth America
» Future prospects Resurgence of bedbug populations in Europe and North America
» Importance as pests Economic impact Bites and health effects
» Conducive environmental conditions An integrated approach to bedbug management
» Physical removal Exclusion Physical removal and exclusion
» Inspection Detection Inspection, detection and education
» Heat Cold Controlled atmospheres
» Use of pest management products
» Benchmarks for success in bedbug management Conclusions
» Introduction Flea biology Fleas
» Health risk and exposure assessment
» Cost for control and management
» Cost of health-related conditions
» Flea exclusion and physical removal Pesticide applications for flea control
» Foggers General surface treatments IGRs
» On-animal products Conducive environmental conditions
» Pharaoh ant biology Overview of biology and distribution in Europe and North America
» Health hazards 1. Pharaoh ant infestations: pathogen transmission and contamination
» Pharaoh ant distribution and population monitoring
» Fire ant population assessment and monitoring methods
» Fire ant geographic range and potential expansion Fire ants: stinging incidents
» Fire ants: cost of eradication
» Physical exclusion Residual contact insecticides
» Insecticidal baits Fire ants: cost of health-related issues, control and management
» Efficacy of management practices
» Implementation of fire ant control programmes
» Confirmation. Determine where control is needed.
» Fire ants Emerging problems and policy options
» Introduction Biology and bionomics of filth flies in Europe and North America
» N uisance Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Myiasis Health hazards 1. Diseases
» Pesticide applications for fly control Granular baits
» Fly exclusion practices Crack-and-crevice treatments Biological control
» Ultraviolet light traps Sticky traps Jar or bag traps Window traps
» Attractants Perimeter treatments Fly management
» Togaviridae: genus Alphavirus Viruses
» Orthomyxoviridae: genus Orthomyxovirus Bacteria
» Coxiellaceae Anaplasmataceae Spirochaetaceae Bacteria
» Regular nonsporing Gram-positive rods Mycobacteriaceae
» Microsporidia Babesiidae Eimeriidae Protozoa
» Zoonoses and sapronoses of wild birds in the urban ecosystem
» Monitoring and surveillance Management implications 1. Benchmarks
» Techniques for dispersing birds in cities
» Control of wild and feral birds in urban areas
» Economic impact of wild urban birds on human health and of controlling birds
» Introduction Human body lice
» Biological factors Implications for public health
» Louse infestation in Europe and North America
» Physical removal Pesticides Louse management 1. Inspection and detection
» Socioeconomic influences Conducive environmental conditions
» Benchmarks for lice management
» Introduction Ticks of Europe and North America
» LB in Europe and N orth America
» Geographical distribution Lyme borreliosis
» Public health impact of TBE in Europe
» Geographical distribution Geographical distribution Epizootiology and epidemiology
» HME HGA Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
» Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia helvetica
» Clothing Tick removal Clothing impregnation Vaccination
» Host-centred methods Habitat manipulation and urban design
» Tick and tick-borne disease surveillance IPM
» Public activities Pesticide applications
» Surveillance and management Research
» Other mosquito-borne viral infections that cause encephalitides
» Malaria Mosquitoes as a pest nuisance
» Dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever
» Dirofilariasis The spread of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne pathogens
» National reporting and Mosquitoes
» Mosquito control and management
» Sanitation and water management
» Adulticiding Larviciding Mosquito monitoring
» Use of predators biological control Passive protection
» Genetic control and transgenic mosquitoes
» Feeding Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Reproduction and life cycle of commensal rodents
» Behaviour relevant to control
» Movement Biology of commensal rodents 1. Description and natural history
» Population growth and socialization of commensal rodents
» Sewers and drains Association with urban infrastructure 1. Rodents in housing
» Case study 1 – rat bites in Philadelphia: identifying the factors contributing to risk
» Zoonoses of mice Public health risks in urban areas
» Case study 2: Fairhill case study
» Tree squirrels Types, distribution and abundance
» Chipmunks Ground squirrels, antelope ground squirrels and prairie dogs
» Hamsters Voles Types, distribution and abundance
» Beavers Types, distribution and abundance
» Rabbits and hares Types, distribution and abundance
» Francisella tularensis Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» California group viruses primarily La Crosse virus CTF virus
» Yersiniae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related bacterial and rickettsial agents
» Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Tick-borne relapsing fever borreliae
» Toxoplasma Toxocara Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Babesiae Leptospirae Major rodent- and lagomorph-related parasitic agents
» Bartonellae Rat-bite fever agents
» Flying squirrels Ground squirrels and antelope ground squirrels
» Tree squirrels Voles and other microtine rodents
» Chipmunks Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Beavers Disease associations with particular types of rodents
» Rabbits and hares Old World mice
» Dormice N ew World rats and mice
» Introduction The impacts of anthropogenic transformations
» Risk factors for rodent- and lagomorph-related diseases Public health impact
» Costs, control and management of infestations
» Control and management of non-commensal rodents and rodent-related diseases
» Conclusions Non-commensal rodents and lagomorphs
» EU community-level authorization of technical grade active ingredients
» Acute toxicity The precautionary principle
» The substitution doctrine Special considerations given to children’s health
» Toxicity end-points Pesticide hazard identification
» Long-term effects Pesticide hazard identification
» Insecticide synergists N eonicotinoid insecticides
» Spot applications Primary exposure of non-professional users and secondary exposures
» Inhalation Routes of exposure
» Incidental oral exposure Routes of exposure
» Exposure potential Steps of pre-market risk assessment of pesticides
» Tiered approaches to exposure estimation: a basis for risk assessment
» Mathematical mechanistic models Empirical models Some existing models
» Statistical mathematical models SOPs and exposure scenario types
» Comparing pesticide risks from residential and dietary exposures
» Residential applicator exposure assessment
» Toxicity end-points and MOS Residential applicator exposure
» Future actions and data development
» Identification Establishment of threshold levels
» Inspection Evaluation of effectiveness
» Develop an IPM plan Employment of two or more control measures
» Definitions of IPM An integrated approach to managing urban insects and rodents
» Case study 3 Case study 4 Case study 5
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