Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Types and Orders of Entailment, and Approaches to Detect Entailment in the Characters in The Da Vinci Code
Movie
Notes : OE
: One-way Entailment CC
: Contexted Clause TE
: Two-wayMutual Entailment CM
: Context Matching NE
: Negative Entailment ME
: Metaphorical Entailment BE
: Background Entailment FE
: Foreground Entailment ST
: Stressing CL
: Clefting the words stressed are capitalized
No Data
Types of Entailment Orders of
Entailment Approach
Explanation OE
TE NE
ME BE
FE CC
CM CL
ST
1.
Naveu: Your God doesn’t
forgive murderers.
He
BURNS them.
√ √
√ Silas was going to murder
Naveu, so Naveu convinced him by uttering those
sentences. From
those sentences,
one-way entailment can be seen
from the truth of God burns them
means God does not forgive
murderers. However, if God does not
forgive murderers,
He would also do something
else to the murderers; not just burning them. Naveu
stresses the word burns as she wants Silas to be afraid
and stop his attempt to kill her.
Therefore, the
entailment of the sentences is detected by applying
contexted clause approach because there is flattening
in the sentences.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
According to Bungin 2007: 107, in qualitative research, data collecting method and technique of data analysis are tied inseparably because the data
analysis method and technique have actually been started when the researcher conducted the data collection technique. Therefore, the researcher used qualitative
data analysis technique, and there were several steps of examining the data: 1.
identifying the data to categorize them into which types and orders of entailment and approaches to detect entailment,
2. classifying the data based on the types, orders, and approaches to distinguish
them from each other, 3.
analyzing the classified and coded data to answer the research questions, 4.
checking the accuracy of the data, 5.
reporting the data in the finding and discussion, and 6.
drawing the conclusion of the data.
F. Data Trustworthiness
To ensure the data findings, there must be credibility in the research
Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 179. Hence, a technique to enhance reliability of data is needed.
Triangulation is a technique of checking the validity of data which utilizes something out of the data as a checking comparison to the data Moleong,
2004: 330. The researcher conducted triangulation in order to increase the readers‟ belief that the research was trustworthy.
In order to gain the credibility of the data, the researcher conducted triangulation based on the theories and researcher or observer. The theories used
by the researcher were Griffiths‟, Murphy‟s, and Lakoff and Johnsen‟s theories
about the types of entai lment, Yule‟s theory about the orders of entailment, and
Condoravdi‟s about approaches to detect entailment. Moreover, the researcher consulted the research with the lecturer who is expert in this field. In addition, the
researcher also conducted triangulation of data by having peer reviewing with the other students to check the data and ensure their accuracy. The students chosen to
be the peer review partners were students of linguistics study. Through their review, the data was checked again to validate the suitability of the theories and
the research done by the researcher.
