Metaphorical Entailment Types of Entailment in The Da Vinci Code Movie

Metaphorical entailment can be expressed with background and foreground orders. The example of metaphorical entailment with background order is shown in the following datum. Lt. Collet: You‟re the one who lost them. You control every step of this investigation. You don’t let anybody breathe. You‟re acting like you lost your mind. Datum 42 Lt. Collet complains Captain B. Fache when he realizes that Naveu and Longdon are lost from their monitoring. Therefore, metaphorical entailment can be seen from Lt. Collet ‟s thickened sentences in which don’t let anybody breath is the target domain of metaphor, while control everything is the source domain. Here, the actual meaning of don’t let anybody breath is control everything. Lt. Collet utters this metaphorical image as he considers that Captain B. Fache plays too much control to capture Longdon and Naveu. Moreover, both sentences share the same background understanding which means that the order of entailment is formed by the background. The same background information can be seen on don’t let anybody breath and control everything. Both words share the same understanding in this context. Furthermore, the idea of the first sentence is sharpened on the second sentence, so the suitable approach to detect the entailment here is contexted clause. Meanwhile, there is also an example of metaphorical entailment with background order which is detected by context matching approach. Ms. Culp : He says youre the best teacher hes ever had. Longdon : Ms. Culp, I think I already gave Michael an A-minus. Datum 5 Metaphoric al entailment can be seen in Ms. Culp and Longdon‟s utterances. In this datum, Longdon illustrates himself that he already gave A- minus for Michael, Ms. Culp‟s son, in order to clarify Ms. Culp statement about the best teacher. The best teacher, in this context, implicitly means a teacher who gives an A-minus to his student. Moreover, entailment occurs as the ideas of the best teacher is the teacher who gives A-minus to his student, and it is parallel to the idea of a teacher who gives A-minus to his student is the best teacher . The relation of both sentences is mutual entailment. Therefore, as both have the same idea, both must share the same logical concept as well; which is the best teacher will give an A-minus. Hence, both sentences follow background order in constructing entailment. In accordance, a good teacher and A-minus share the same understanding even though both cannot substitute each other which. This condition triggers the researcher to detect the entailment using context matching approach. One more example is given to give more understanding about metaphorical entailment with background order. Bishop Aringarosa: We are not Cafeteria Catholics. We dont pick and choose which rules to follow. We follow doctrine. Rigorously Datum 14 Bishop Aringarosa is interviewed on a plane by a guy named Michael. Both are arguing, and the bishop defenses his opinion by saying We are not Cafeteria Catholics which implicitly means that they dont pick and choose which rules to follow . Both thickened sentences possess metaphorical relationship as Cafeteria is the illustration of a place which people can pick and choose food from there, and the food represents rules followed by the bishop and his followers. Here, We are not Cafeteria Catholics is the target domain of metaphor, and the hearer needs to understand the idea of cafeteria to understand the actual meaning of this expression. However, the speaker adds We dont pick and choose which rules to follow to help the hearer understands his previous expression easier. Thus, both thickened sentences are metaphorically entailed by background order because there is logical concept on cafeteria and pick and choose. The logical concept also triggers the employment of context matching approach. Besides metaphorical entailment with background order, the following datum shows the occurrence in foreground order. London : Its MAGNIFICENT. Capt B. Fache : A scar on the face of Paris. Datum 9 Longdon meets Captain B. Fache in front of pyramid in Paris, and both eulogize the greatness of the pyramid. Captain B. Fache illustrates the pyramid as a scar on the face which implicitly means something that can also be said as magnificent. Hence, the sentences contain metaphorical relationship. The domain sentence Its magnificent and the target sentence A scar on the face of Paris of metaphor have entailment relationship. To understand the actual meaning of illustrated sentence, people need to comprehend the context of the conversation. Moreover, Longdon stresses the word magnificent as he wants Captain B. Fache to pay attention to it. As the word magnificent is explained on the next sentence, even the explanation is in the form of illustration; flattening happens, and contexted clause approach employed in detecting the entailment. In accordance with the rare use of metaphorical entailment in The da Vinci Code movie, there is no datum which is ordered by clefting found in the data sheet. As clefting is indicated by the adding of a new word to elucidate the sentence, and metaphorical entailment has a restriction; the integration of both element will be hardly found in a conversation. As a result, the characters in The Da Vinci Code movie do not execute metaphorical entailment with clefting foreground order. The further explanation of the orders of entailment will be given in the following description.

2. Orders of Entailment in The Da Vinci Code Movie

According to Yule 1998: 33 there are two orders which can construct entailment i.e. background entailment and foreground entailment. Therefore, based on the table of findings, both orders appear in the entailments found in The Da Vinci Code movie. According to the table of finding, foreground entailment ranks first preceding the background entailment with the total data 33. However, the foreground entailment is expressed in two ways: clefting and stressing, and both attain significant different data frequencies. Over 33 foreground entailment data, stressing covers the 28 data, while the rest of the data belong to clefting. The significant different frequencies between clefting and stressing phenomena happen as stressing is commonly used in daily conversation including in The Da Vinci Code movie which portrays real life conversation. Stressing is done by giving a stress to certain word, and there is no other rule like what clefting has. Clefting, on the other hand, is only possible to be done by giving additional and yet optional word in a sentence. This rule gives a restriction to people who want to employ clefting in a conversation. The further examples along with the explanation of each orders of entailment are presented in the following discussion.

a. Background Entailment

Yule 1998: 33 states that background entailment is indicated when a sentence is true, it is necessarily related to the truth of a number of entailments. Therefore, background entailment appears when a main sentence is followed by several sentences which follow the logical concept of the main sentence. According to the table of findings, background entailment appears 24 times in all the types of entailment with various frequencies in each type of entailment. Based on the findings, the highest frequency of background entailment is obtained by one-way entailment. It happens since background order is the basic rule of one- way entailment. To elucidate the understanding of background entailment, the further examples along with the description are presented as follows. 1 Background Order in One-way Entailment The example of background order in one-way entailment can be seen in the following datum. Longdon: This is known as the blade. It represents aggression and manhood. Datum 38 Longdon explains Naveu about the symbol of manhood by practicing with his hands. From his sentences, it can be implied that if the man symbol is known