Negative Entailment Types of Entailment in The Da Vinci Code Movie

occurrence of negative sentences in a conversation is not much; compared with the use of positive sentences. That is why the emergence of negative entailment in The Da Vinci Code movie inhabits the lowest rank with the occurrence 6 times over 57 total data. Therefore, in parallel with the previous examples of the other types of entailment, the negative entailment examples are also divided in negative entailment with background order and negative entailment with foreground order. By considering the low occurrence of negative entailment with background entailment, there is only one datum presented as the following example. Bishop Aringarosa: We are not Cafeteria Catholics. We dont pick and choose which rules to follow. We follow doctrine . Rigorously. Datum 15 Bishop Aringarosa states that he and his followers do not pick and choose rules; it means that they must be following the doctrine. However, if they follow the doctrine, they do not only not picking and choosing rules, but they can also do something else. That is how one-way entailment happens. On the other hand, the entailment is presented in negative form as the sentence We don’t pick and choose which rules to follow contains the word „not‟ which indicates that the sentence is negative. Moreover, the order of entailment can be seen in the background as there is interconnectedness between the thickened sentences. To add, the detection is using contexted clause approach as the first sentence is flattened in the second sentence. The examples of negative entailment which is ordered by foreground are also presented. The following datum shows the occurrence of negative entailment which contains stressing to formulate foreground order of entailment. Longdon: Constantine DID NOT create Jesus divinity. He simply sanctioned an already widely held idea. Datum 37 Longdon tells Naveu that Constantine did not create Jesus divinity, but he simply sanctioned an already widely held idea. Entailment can be seen from those sentences because there is interconnectedness in the sentence which indicates the basic rule of entailment. If Constantine simply sectioned the widely held idea, it means he did not create Jesus‟ divinity, but if he did not create Jesus‟ divinity, he could do something else other than simply sectioned the already widely known idea. However, the entailment is presented in negative form as the first sentence is negative which is marked by the employment of the word „not‟ as the auxiliary verb. Therefore, did not create Jesus’ divinity has the same understanding as simply sectioned the already widely idea ; the idea of the first sentence flattened in the second sentence which is why contexted clause is used to observe the entailment. Moreover, Longdon stresses the words did not in which it indicates that the entailment is ordered by foreground−stressing. The last example of negative entailment with foreground−clefting is given in the following utterance by Robert Longdon. Neveu: Fache isnt EVEN looking for other suspects, okay? He is sure you’re guilty. Datum 19 Both sentences paraphrase one another as when Fache isnt even looking for other suspects , it means that he is sure that Longdon is the guilty; and if he is sure that Longdon is the guilty, he will not even looking for other suspects. Even though the sentences are equivalent, both cannot be categorized as mutual entailment because the first sentence contains the words “isn‟t” or “is not” which indicate negative-entailment. Moreover, the addition of word even in Naveu‟s first sentence indicates that the order of entailment is foreground, and the way to indicate the foreground order is clefting. Furthermore, the existence of the words suspect and guilty triggers the researcher to employ context matching approach.

d. Metaphorical Entailment

Lakoff and Johnsen 2003: 91 define metaphorical entailment as the imparting of a characteristic of the source domain to the target domain. The source domain is the metaphorical image, while the target domain is the concept of receiving metaphorical treatment. Metaphorical entailment is restricted by the employment of metaphorical rule in which illustrating the meaning of a sentence implicitly. Metaphorical entailment is constructed by comparing the source domain actual meaning with the target domain implicit meaning. In accordance with this restriction, people need to do more effort to construct metaphorical entailment. As a result, people rarely use metaphorical entailment in daily conversation. The same is true as the data of metaphorical entailment found in The Da Vinci Code movie. From the entire data, there are only 8 metaphorical entailment found. Metaphorical entailment can be expressed with background and foreground orders. The example of metaphorical entailment with background order is shown in the following datum. Lt. Collet: You‟re the one who lost them. You control every step of this investigation. You don’t let anybody breathe. You‟re acting like you lost your mind. Datum 42 Lt. Collet complains Captain B. Fache when he realizes that Naveu and Longdon are lost from their monitoring. Therefore, metaphorical entailment can be seen from Lt. Collet ‟s thickened sentences in which don’t let anybody breath is the target domain of metaphor, while control everything is the source domain. Here, the actual meaning of don’t let anybody breath is control everything. Lt. Collet utters this metaphorical image as he considers that Captain B. Fache plays too much control to capture Longdon and Naveu. Moreover, both sentences share the same background understanding which means that the order of entailment is formed by the background. The same background information can be seen on don’t let anybody breath and control everything. Both words share the same understanding in this context. Furthermore, the idea of the first sentence is sharpened on the second sentence, so the suitable approach to detect the entailment here is contexted clause. Meanwhile, there is also an example of metaphorical entailment with background order which is detected by context matching approach. Ms. Culp : He says youre the best teacher hes ever had. Longdon : Ms. Culp, I think I already gave Michael an A-minus. Datum 5