Foreground Entailment Orders of Entailment in The Da Vinci Code Movie

the adding of a new word to elucidate the sentence, and metaphorical entailment has a restriction in sentence structure; the integration of both element will be hardly found in a conversation. For the further explanation of clefting, several examples along with the discussions are presented as follow. a Foreground Order Clefting in One-way Entailment The following datum shows the occurrence of foreground order clefting in one-way entailment. Capt B. Fache: Vernet, André. It seems youre not a driver AT ALL. Apparently, you lost your tongue along with your truck. Aiding and abetting two murder suspects. That carries jail time Datum 33 Captain B. Fache mocks Vernet by saying that if he is not driver at all, he must be losing his tongue along with his truck because on the previous scene Vernet acted like a truck driver to conceal Longdon and Naveu inside of the truck. However, Longdon and Naveu finally escaped with the truck, and Vernet ended up in the hospital when Captain B. Fache visits him. As can be seen, the bold sentences have one-way entailment relation because if Vernet lost his tongue and his truck, does not mean that he is not a driver, even though he is not a driver in the movie. Therefore, the application of clefting can be seen as Captain B. Fache emphasizes that Vernet is not a driver by adding at all in the first bold sentence. The addition of at all indicates the use of clefting to present foreground order in the entailment. As a matter of fact, Captain B. Fache can also say It seems youre not a driver instead of adding at all at the end of the sentence. However, he adds at all to strengthen his idea that Vernet is not a real driver. b Foreground Order Clefting in Two-wayMutual Entailment Unlike the previous example which shows the utilization of clefting to order one-way entailment, the following datum is presented as the example of clefting which is found in two-way entailment. Naveu: Funny, I dont EVEN like history. Ive never seen much good come from looking to the past. Datum 30 Naveu tells Longdon that she does not like history because she has never seen much good come from looking to the past . Her second statement strengthens her first statement, and both paraphrase one another. Therefore, the addition of the word even in Naveu‟s first sentence indicates that the order of entailment is foreground which uses clefting to order the entailment. Naveu can simply say I don’t like history, but she adds the word even to make her statement stronger, a nd to gain Longdon‟s attention toward her utterances. Therefore, the approach used is context matching as history is interrelated to past even though history does not mean past. c Foreground Order Clefting in Negative Entailment The following example is presented to show the emergence of clefting in negative entailment. Neveu: Fache isnt EVEN looking for other suspects, okay? He is sure you’re guilty. Datum 19 Naveu convinces Longdon that Fache isnt even looking for other suspects which means that Captain B. fache is sure that Longdon is guilty. Both sentences paraphrase one another but cannot be categorized as mutual entailment because the first sentence is expressed in a negative form. Moreover, Naveu can simply say Fache isnt looking for other suspects, but in this case, she adds the word even to strengthen her statement, and to seek Longdon‟s attention towards her sentences. The addition of word even in Naveu‟s first sentence indicates that the order of entailment is foreground, and the way to indicate the foreground order is clefting. Furthermore, the word suspect is interrelated to the word guilty, but suspect does not mean guilty. From both words, entailment can be detected using context matching approach. 2 Stressing Yule 1998: 33 states that a speaker sometimes gives a stress in their utterances. The stressed part can be assumed as the foreground which is very useful to help the hearer in interpreting the intended meaning of the speaker. Moreover, a stress in a sentence is aimed to make the hearer more focus on the stressed part in a sentence. Therefore, stressing is commonly applied in daily conversation, and there is no exception for The Da Vinci Code movie. Stressing obtains the highest rank in the table of finding as it appears 28 times. Compared to clefting, stressing does not have a complex rule like what clefting has. The speaker is just obliged to stress the word which will be emphasized. That is why the characters in The Da Vinci Code movie often apply stressing in their conversation. Furthermore, stressing appears in all the types of entailment; which are one-way entailment, two-waymutual entailment, negative entailment, and metaphorical entailment. The examples and explanations of stressing in each type of entailment are presented in order to give a deeper understanding. a Foreground Order Stressing in One-way Entailment The following datum shows the occurrence of clefting to present foreground order in one-way entailment. Bishop Aringarosa: The endeavor is complex. Freedom has a HIGH COST. Datum 26 Stressing can be seen in Bishop Aringarosa‟s utterance as he defends himself to pursue his goal regarding to the fund demanded from the church council. Bishop Aringarosa stresses the phrase high cost as he emphasizes that this phrase is really important, and the hearers should be focused on it. The high cost is also related to his demand of asking a high amount of fund from the council. Therefore, one-way entailment occurs in the both thickened sentences because if the freedom has a high cost, the endeavor must be complex. On the contrary, if the endeavor is complex, the freedom does not necessarily have a high cost. Furthermore, the first sentence is flattened in the second sentence as Bishop Aringarosa wants to convince the council so that they will give the fund easily. b Foreground Order Stressing in Two-wayMutual Entailment Different from the previous example, the example of stressing happens two-waymutual entailment is presented in the following datum. Longdon: No. No, no, no. The pentacle before that. This is a symbol for VENUS. It represents the female half of all things. Its a concept called the divine goddess by religious historians. Datum 17 Longdon and Captain B. Fache are discussing about the pentacle symbol on Saunière‟s corpse. Therefore, Longdon stresses the word venus when he says This is a symbol for Venus in order to give more explanation on the second thickened sentence. The stressing is done because Longdon wants to make Captain B. Fache become more focused on the sentences. Longdon, then says that Venus represents the female half of all things to explain his stressed word. In fact, the stressed word denotes that the entailment ordered by foreground using the rule of stressing. Moreover, the approach used is context matching as Venus is interrelated to female even though female is not always Venus. From this datum, the thickened sentences are mutually entailed as Venus is the representation of the female half of all things, andor The representation of the female half of all things is Venus . c Foreground Order Stressing in Negative Entailment The following datum is presented to show the occurrence of stressing in negative entailment. Naveu: I have NO idea how. I DONT know the code. And even if I did, I wouldnt tell you. Datum 53 Teabing is asking Naveu to tell about the code of the cryptex, and she stresses the word “no” as she says that she has no idea. Therefore, she stresses the word “don‟t” on her next sentence. Moreover, the words “no” and “don‟t” are signs of negative expression. Thus, it can be implied that she does not really know anything regarding to the code of cryptex, and she wants Teabing the hearer to understand. Moreover, Naveu stresses the negative forms from each sentence which indicates the existence of negative entailment. She says I have no idea how, and it entails her following sentence I don’t know the code. Both sentences are paraphrase as they are equivalent. However, the sentences are presented in negative form, so they indicate negative entailment. Moreover, the first sentence is the flattened form of the second one, which is why contexted clause is used to observe the entailment. d Foreground Order Stressing in Metaphorical Entailment The last type of entailment which contains stressing is metaphorical entailment, and the example is presented in the following datum. Longdon: By the 1300s, the Templars had grown too powerful. Too threatening. Issued secret orders to be opened simultaneously all across Europe. The Pope had declared the Knights Templar Satan worshipers, and said God had charged him with cleansing the earth of these heretics. The plan went off like CLOCKWORK. The Templars were all but exterminated. The date was October 13 th , 1307. A Friday. Datum 22 Stressing can be seen in the datum as Longdon explains about the extermination of The Templars to Naveu. He stresses the word clockwork because it is the most important word that the hearer has to pay more attention on. The stressing on the word clockwork is also conducted to make the hearer try to understand what clockwork is. From the common understanding, clockwork means something which proceeds like how the normal clock works. In short, The plan went off like clockwork means that the plan went off just like how it went normally, in which the plan normally went successfully. The plan went off like clockwork is a metaphor which means that the Pope‟s plan to exterminate the Knights Templars has done successfully. So if The plan went off like clockwork is true, then The Templars were all but exterminated is also true, and vice versa. As a result, metaphorical entailment is detected by the clauses which are in context: went off like clockwork and the Templars were exterminated. So, the datum contains entailment which is detected by contexted clause approach. To add, for the further explanation about approaches to detect entailment, the discussion of the approaches is presented in the following section.

3. Approaches to Detect Entailment in The Da Vinci Code Movie

Based to the literature review in chapter 2, there are two kinds of approaches to detect entailment i.e. contexted clause and context matching. Both approaches are found in The Da Vinci Code movie. However, according to the table of findings, each approach obtains different frequency. From the total 57 data, 36 data employ contexted clause in detecting entailment, while the rest of the data employ context matching. The difference frequencies obtained by both approaches is not significant as they only differ by 15 points over the 57 total data. The higher frequency is obtained by contexted clause because it has a simpler rule in detecting entailment. On the other hand, context matching has a restriction which triggers its lower application in detecting entailment. Therefore, the further discussion gives more examples together with the explanations related to the approaches to detect entailment.

a. Contexted Clauses

The contexted clauses compromise the actual fact and the fact which is supposed to hold. One context might be derived into several numbers of facts. This approach is indicated by the existence of „flattening‟ among the sentences Condoravdi, 2002: 5. Therefore, the examples and explanations of contexted clause happened in each type of entailment are presented in the following. 1 Contexted Clauses Applied in One-way Entailment The example of contexted clause applied in on-way entailment is shown in the following datum. Leigh Teabing: Robert, no words. On your knees. Do it. No, I mean it. Down. Not you. No, my dear, you… Youre my MIRACLE , Sophie. Youre the guardian of The Grail. Datum 52 Contexted clause is applied as the second sentence which is Youre the guardian of the Grail holds the fact of the previous sentence. Thus, one-way entailment is reflected on the bold sentences because if Naveu is the guardian of The Grail, she must be a miracle for Teabing. However if she is Taebing’s miracle, she does not necessarily to be the guardian of The Grail. The flattening can be seen from this phenomenon as the context of miracle is derived into the guardian of The Grail. For Teabing, Naveu is his miracle as she is the guardian of The Grail since he has been looking for the guardian of The Grail in his entire life. Therefore, Teabing stresses the word miracle as he wants to point out that Naveu is the guardian of the Grail which becomes his miracle, and Naveu ought to understand how important she is for him. Thus, the order of entailment here can be seen from the stressed word which indicates foregrounding order. 2 Contexted Clauses Applied in Two-wayMutual Entailment The application of contexted clause approach in two-waymutual entailment is shown in the following table.