Data Collection Techniques RESEARCH METHOD

the researcher conducted the interviews with the stakeholders i.e. the students of fourth grade of SD N Ngringin, the English teacher, and the collaborator to tell their opinions about the research conducted. Outcome validity was related to the notions of actions leading to outcomes that were successful within the context. To fulfill the outcome validity, the English teacher and researcher made reflection of the implemented actions and planned actions. Process validity was closely related to the reliability and competency of the research itself. To get the process validity, the researcher did the observation during the implementation of the action, did the interviews with the students, and had discussion with the English teacher and collaborator. Catalytic validity was related to which allows participants to deepen their understanding of the research by monitoring other participants. To get this validity, the researcher did reflection and interviewed the English teacher and the students to know their perceptions after the research was conducted. It meant that the collaborator and the students were given opportunities to give their response to the change occurred after the implementation of the actions. To obtain the dialogic validity, the dialogues with the English teacher, the students, and the collaborator were conducted. These were done to know the strength and weaknesses of the action and the researcher could do better than before in the next meeting.

2. Reliability

The aim of triangulation was to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied Burns, 1999: 163. The reliability of the data was gained by giving the genuine data, such as field notes and interview transcripts from the observation and interviews techniques. In order to gain a richer and less objective result, the researcher uses perspectives of different participants; namely students of grade four, English teacher, and the collaborator as observer. The research used time triangulation and investigator triangulation to check the trustworthiness of the research. Time triangulation was used in this research because the data of the research were collected over a period of time to identify the factors involved in the change processes. In investigator triangulation, more than one observer is used in the same research setting Burns, 1999: 163. The researcher consulted with other members to help in the reflection step so that biased interpretation could be avoided.