Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
38 of climate change is human activity anthropogenic associated with increasing greenhouse gas emissions
such as CO
2
, methane, CO, NO and CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons. Global climate change will affect at least three climate elements and components nature is very closely related to agriculture, namely: a air
temperature rise also have an impact on other climate elements, especially moisture and atmospheric dynamics,b changes in precipitation patterns and the increasing intensity of climate events extreme as El-
Nino and La-Nina, and c increase in surface water mountains due to melting sea ice in the Arctic Las, 2007. Boer and Subbiah 2005 reported that between 1844 and 2009 there has been 47 and 38 times the
events of El-Nino and La-Nina respectively which cause drought and flood. The level of risk of climate change by region in Indonesia can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Level of risk of climate change by region in Indonesia
Risk Sumatra
Java-Bali Kalimantan
Sulawesi Nusa
Tenggara Maluku
Papua Lowering water
availability M, H, VH
H, VH L, M
H, VH H, VH
L, M L
Flood H, VH
H, VH L, M, H
L, M, H L
L L, M
Drought H, VH
M, H, VH L
L, M L, M, VH
L L
Inundation of sea water
M, H M, H, VH
M, H, VH M, H
M, H M, H
M, H Spread of dengue
L, M, H L, M, H
L, M L, M
L, M L, M
L, M, H Spread of malaria
L, M L, M, H
L, M L, M, H
L, M, H, VH M, H
M, T, VH spread of diarrhea
L, M, H L, M, H
L, M, H L, M, H
L, M, H L, M, H
L, M, H, VH
Decrease of paddy yield
H, VH H, VH
- -
H, VH -
- Forest fire
VH, H, M H, M
- -
- -
- Legend: L = Low, M= moderate, H = high, VH = very high
Source: Ministry of Environment 2010
3. Anticipation Strategy for Climate Change and Anomalies
As can be seen in the previous table it is clear that the levels of risk of climate change by region vary from low to very high levels of risks of climate change including in the field of food crops agriculture.
Environmental management strategies cropping can be done through a variety of planning efforts, adjustments, good agricultural practices, resource management and application of agricultural technologies
to address climate change impacts and anomalies. The following are the strategies in anticipation and adaptation to climate change to continue to support the implementation process of the cultivation of food
crops by farmers in Indonesia after Agus, 2011 and Saragih, 2011.
4. Improve the Understanding the Climate Change of Farmers
Understanding of farming communities to climate change, its impact needs to be improved. Ministry of agriculture to the relevant agencies in the county or city. This understanding is important because climate
change disturbing behavior threatens farmers can harvest they would get. Agricultural extension workers and farmers can address climate change by comparing the climate before the common signs that climate change
is currently occurring eg an increase in air temperature, rainfall pattern is erratic and others.
If farmers and agricultural extension workers have felt the signs of climate change, they are motivated to change the implementation of the cultivation of food crops to become a more agricultural cultivation that
is able to anticipate and adapt to climate change so that the cultivation of food crops can be done well.
5. The selection of drought-resistant commodities
As is widely understood that climate change leads to prolonged drought or prolonged rainy season. Both of these conditions lead to disruption of the cultivated crop farmers, thus threatening their crops. to overcome
Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
39 the problem of agricultural extension workers in the field can encourage or guide the farmers in order to
anticipate and adapt to climate change. Attempts to do is to plant food crops that are resistant to drought or flood in their farming land.
5.1. Selection of high yielding varieties
Researchers have been trying to find different varieties of crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, drought and floods. A number of varieties have been found that are superior and resilient to climate change.
Therefore, agricultural extension workers and farmers in the field should pay attention to varieties that will be planted according to the conditions and anticipated climate change. If the area is expected to occur in
extreme dry then prompted farmers to plant the crop varieties that are resistant to drought according to the description of varieties suitable for it.
5.2. Implementation of early planting or posponing
If the climate changes as signs of impending drought will soon come. Furthermore, the farmers are advised to prepare their farm land for planting crops such as corn somewhat drought resistant, peanuts, green
beans, taro, cassava, sorghum and others. All of the plants can be planted immediately in farm land owned by farmers.
The initial step is to do early tillage, or immediately after harvesting the previous crop of corn planted directly next to the newly harvested rice bolt, so that cultivation can be done the same time as weeding the
corn that has been grown. With so planting time can be earlier than before, so its time to rain or water availability can be utilized for the growth of food crops that are managed by farmers in the field, in case of
prolonged drought and sudden nature of the dry season, hence the efforts is rewind time tillage and planting the crops.
5.3. Crop diversification
To anticipate and adapt to climate change is happening and get a good production for the well-being of farmers and their families, it can be done diversification of food crops in farmers fields. Plants can be
directly planted without tillage done first, by way of direct planting these plants such as corn, peanuts, green beans or other crops. diversification of crops is done in order to obtain a high economic value and reduce
crop failures. The trick is to grow plants that have high economic value together with plants that have low economic value, such as a combination of corn with sweet potatoes, soybeans with taro.
5.4. Other actions in the context of anticipation and adaptation
There are also a number of other actions in the context of anticipation and adaptation in agriculture to climate change. Such measures include timely harvesting, processing and marketing right, the use of organic
fertilizers, proper maintenance and control of pests and diseases that are environmentally friendly Saragih, 2011.
6. Conclusion
Climate change is a necessity that has happened in some places. This natural phenomenon affecting many aspects of life and human activity. Although as a contributing cause of climate change, the agricultural
sector is a victim and most vulnerable to climate change itself. Impact of climate change on food security occurs coherently, ranging from a negative impact on resources land and water, agricultural infrastructure
irrigation, to the production system through decreased productivity, extensive planting and harvesting. On the other hand, farmers have limited resources and capabilities to be able to adapt to climate change.
A number of measures are recommended in order to anticipate and adapt to climate change to continue to support the implementation process of the cultivation of food crops by farmers in the field. The measures
include the familiarity to climate change, drought-resistant selection of commodities, superior variety selection, implementation made earlier planting, appropriate harvest time, proper processing and marketing,
the use of organic fertilizers, proper maintenance, planting backward, and control of pests and diseases that are environmentally friendly.
Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
40
7. References
