Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
154 coastal cities, b reduction in the productivity of agricultural land, c the disruption of residential areas, d
reduction in the productivity of agricultural land, e increased risk of cancer and disease, and so on [3] . The greenhouse effect was first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, is a process by which heat the
atmosphere of a planet. The greenhouse effect is caused by rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. The increase in the concentration of CO
2
gas is caused by the increase in fuel burning oil, coal and other organic materials which exceed the ability of plants and sea to absorption. In
addition to CO
2
gas that can cause the greenhouse effect are sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide mono and some other organic compounds such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons. These
gases play an important role in enhancing the greenhouse effect [4]. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the impact of climate change has been a topic of
conversation that only result in walang rice pest, and it is hoped that we may better appreciate the nature and habits of farmers using insecticides reduce excessive.
2. Impact of Climate Change
2.1. Impact of climate change on Indonesia
If not addressed , then the temperature rise due to global warming by 2100 will lead to the melting of polar ice caps and warming oceans , resulting in increased volume and increase the surface oceans around 9-
100 cm , causing flooding in coastal areas, can even submerge the islands. Among the 17,500 islands in Indonesia , around 4000 the island will sink [3]. In Indonesia alone , the signs of climate change due to
global warming has long been seen. For example , several times we had a long dry season . Years 1982-1983 , 1987 and 1991 , drought caused extensive forest fires. Nearly 3.6 million acres of forest in East Kalimantan
depleted by fire in 1983.
In the dry season of 1991 also led to 40,000 hectares of rice fields had dried up and the national grain production plummeted from 46.451 million tons to 44.127 million tons in 1990. In 2006, due to global
warming seen in the late rainy season should have been dropped in October 2006. But until December 2006 also dropped rain delay was not also accompanied by a short period of rain, but high intensity. Consequently
floods hit Jakarta and surrounding areas. Sea level rise in addition to a change in ocean currents also cause damage to coastal mangrove ecosystem, which currently only condition is very worrying. Extensive
mangrove forests in Indonesia has declined from 5,209,543 ha 1982 decreased to 3.2357 million ha 1987 and decreases again to 2,496,185 ha 1993.
Within a period of 10 years 1982-1993 , there has been a decline in mangrove forests ± 50 of the total area of the original . If the existence of mangrove untenable , then the abrasion will often occur in the
absence of a wave barrier , the pollution of the river to the sea will rise in the absence of the filter , so that the sea water will enter rice fields farmers in the growing season or rainy season in tidal rice fields on in 2011 in
the disctric Jaya Makarti so farmers already had failed planting and replanting because plant roots are unable to grow due to salty water in the state. Local weather anomalies will be common in the future several times
within hail tornado occurred in Jakarta some time ago only a small portion of the local weather which affected the regional impact of climate change is happening now.
Global warming is suspected to cause the melting of polar ice caps resulting in rising sea level. As a country with a long coastline and islands are much smaller, increase in sea level will cause the loss flow
coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia.
2.2. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Agriculture Sector
GHG emissions from the agricultural sector increased by 10 between 1990-2000, mostly from agriculture According to the World Resources Institute [5], the agricultural sector contributes about 14 of
the worlds total GHG emissions from the agricultural sector energy emissions from various sources as follows :
Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
155 1. Fertilizer is the largest source of emissions 38 for the agricultural sector. Soil release NO2 on
nitrification and
denitrification processes.
Good use
of fertilizers
organic and inorganic increase levels of NO2 are released land. 2. Livestock is the second largest contributor to emissions of 31 of agricultural emissions. Methane
produced from ruminant digestive waste enteric fermentation mainly cattle, goats, buffalo, and sheep . 3. Rice cultivation release about 11 of emissions. Cause flooding in rice fields can not be decomposed
organic matter in the presence of oxygen resulting inorganic decomposition produces methane. The amount of emissions from rice cultivation depends on the management of water and the amount of
fertilizer used.
4. The use of manure, including manufacturing and storage process caused 7 of agricultural sector emissions. Methane emitted during manure stored under conditions sufficient oxygen which causes the
decomposition of inorganic, otherwise faeces and urine nitrogen in livestock trigger nitrification and denitrification that produces N
2
O. 5. Savanna burning and agricultural residues, forest clearing with Paddy Field burning is a source of GHG
emissions in the form of methane gas in Indonesia.
2.3. Impact of climate change on tidal rice field
Impact of climate change on rice cultivation tidal pest explosion that occurred this was because walang rice pest at age 30 after rice planting areas in the land of drought and C due to no rain for about 30 days this
is what causes the eggs walang rice pest experiencing rapid hatching and plus the number of people who burn the straw on the eve of planting to 2 times CI 200 that can indirectly coming to walang rice pest
because of the smoke smell burnt rice straw. This needs to be further study of the impact of straw burning , then its a lot easier farmers panic or less know walang rice pest attacks rice plants at the time when they do
not know if walang rice pest attack when cooking rice milk, their young if there is confusion in the plant pest rice.
Spraying that exceed the recommended dose and do the mixing of various insecticide active ingredients, which can cause death walang rice pest natural enemies such as spiders , beetles and grasshoppers karabit so
walang rice pest become more and become resistant immune so walang rice pest population explosion for 10-15 perumpun rice can cause a vacuum in the panicles of rice plants in 1 sack results achieved GKP
farmers reach 70-75 kg due to being attacked by walang rice pest only reach 25 kg by half of its normal results .
By pests so walang rice pest that farmers suffered tremendous losses were so great, because the first crop harvest CI 100 is used for planting to 2 times lets it but the results are not right in this case to overcome the
above problems required the support of all parties so that no particular food scarcity and farmers find help in the form of loans and others so that farmers are able to grow rice in the next rendengan season.
3. Walang rice pest
3.1. Biology and Impacts attack on Rice field
Walang rice pest eggs on the upper leaf surface of rice and other herbaceous grasses as a group in one to two lines. Eggs are black, hexagon -shaped and flat. One group consists of 1-21 eggs grains, eggs long
period average of 5.2 days, nymphs are smaller than adults and are not winged. Long period average nymph 17.1 days. In general nymph light green and yellowish -brown on the abdomen and wings brown when
mature. However walang rice pest color is more determined by the food nymph period. Walang rice pest ventral abdomen yellowish brown if kept in rice, but the green vaginal discharge when reared on grass.
Adult insect is brown and slender shape, measuring about 14-17 mm long and 3-4 mm wide with long legs and antenna. Comparison between male and female is 1:1. After a new imago of this insect can marry
after 4-6 days, with pre- nesting period and 8.1 walang rice pest life cycles between 32-43 days. Long laying periods average 57 days between 6-108 days, while insects can live for an average of 80 days between 16-
134 days [6].
Proceeding of 2013 International Seminar on Climate Change and Food Security ISCCFS 2013
Palembang, South Sumatra -Indonesia, 24-25 October,2013
156 Walang rice pest
Leptocorisa oratorius
F is a major pest of ladybugs group Hemiptera that destroy rice crops both in irrigated and tidal rice cultivation and invade almost every planting season. This pest
damage by sucking the mature grain in phase so that the grains into empty milk. Heavy attack can reduce the results to not be harvested. This pest also has the ability to spread is quite high, so it is able to cross the other
rice crops that mature milk mualai phase, the result will be global attack. The jam walang rice pest has the ability to produce eggs more than 100 eggs per female [7]. Walang rice pest life cycle of 35-56 days and
were able to lay 200-300 eggs per stem. Nesting capability that can cause an increase in the pest population quickly walang rice pest in paddy crop so this will increase attacks [8].
3.2. Walang rice pest control techniques
