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b. Educational institution can also use the result of this research. English
teachers can use the result of this research to enrich their material in teaching English students, especially those who take their major in translation.
c. This research can be used by movie translators to enrich the perspective of
translating movie texts especially in subtitling activity. The perspective will be necessary for them to determine what aspects are required in the movie
translation.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Review
1. On Translation
a. Notions of Translation
Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message andor statement in one language by the same message andor in another language
Newmark, 1981: 7. Catford defines translation as transferring the meaning of the Source Language into the Target Language in the way that the author intended the
text 1965: 5. The same idea is proposed by Larson 1984: 3, that translation is basically a change of form from the SL into the TL that refers to the actual words,
phrases, clauses, sentence, and paragraph, etc. which is spoken or written. This means that in translation the message of the TT must be equal to that in the ST.
Translation is also the replacement of textual material in one language with equivalent textual material in another Catford, 1965: 20. It is a general term
referring to the process of transferring ideas and thought from one language SL to another TL. The language itself may be written, spoken, or in the form of sign
Brislin, 1976: 1. From the explanation above, it can be concluded that translation is aimed at finding the equivalence of written or spoken texts from one language
to another. Translation consists of reproducing in the TL the closest natural equivalent
of the SL message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style
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Nida Taber, 1974: 11. Usually, the translator considers only one of them, which is deemed more important to use, because it is very difficult to take both of
them into account at the same time. Then it is a creative process which always allows the translator a freedom of choice between several approximately
equivalent possibilities of realizing situational meaning Levy, 1967: 1171. It is also called transference of context. Translation is one of the transferences of a
context of the text from one language into another, bearing in mind that it cannot always dissociate the content for the form Forster, 1958: 6.
Based on the definitions above, it can be concluded that translation is mainly concerned with transferring messages from the SL into the TL with closest
natural equivalence. Furthermore, translation has to be accurate in terms of content and form because both go hand in hand. In other words, in the translation
process the meaning and form of the TT has to be as closely equivalent with the ST as possible.
b. Kinds of Translation
Some experts may have their own concept about kinds of translation. Based on the language involved in the process of translation, Jakobson in
McGuire, 1980: 14 divides translation into three kinds. They are intralingual, interlingual and intersemiotic translation.
1 Intralingual translation or rewording paraphrasing is an interpretation or
replacing of verbal signs by mean of other signs of the same language. 2
Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation or replacing of verbal signs by mean of some other language.
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3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation or replacing of
verbal signs by mean of other signs of nonverbal signs system and vice versa. Meanwhile, according to Catford 1965: 21-25, translation falls into three
different categories. Those differences are in the terms of extent, levels, and ranks. 1
Extent a
Full translation. It is a translation in which every part of the source language text is replaced by the target language text material.
b Partial translation. It is a translation in which some parts of the source
language text are left untranslated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target text.
2 Levels
a Total translation. In this kind of translation, the source language‟s grammar
and lexis are replaced by equivalent grammar and lexis of the target language. b
Restricted translation. It is the replacement of a source language textual material by an equivalent target language textual material at only one level. It
means that translation is performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
3 Ranks
a Rank-bound translation. In this kind of translation, an attempt is made to
select the equivalence target language at the same rank. b
Free translation. It is always an unbounded translation. Sometimes, it happens between larger units than the sentence.
