Objectives of the Research Significance of the Research

11 3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation or replacing of verbal signs by mean of other signs of nonverbal signs system and vice versa. Meanwhile, according to Catford 1965: 21-25, translation falls into three different categories. Those differences are in the terms of extent, levels, and ranks. 1 Extent a Full translation. It is a translation in which every part of the source language text is replaced by the target language text material. b Partial translation. It is a translation in which some parts of the source language text are left untranslated. They are simply transferred to and incorporated in the target text. 2 Levels a Total translation. In this kind of translation, the source language‟s grammar and lexis are replaced by equivalent grammar and lexis of the target language. b Restricted translation. It is the replacement of a source language textual material by an equivalent target language textual material at only one level. It means that translation is performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis. 3 Ranks a Rank-bound translation. In this kind of translation, an attempt is made to select the equivalence target language at the same rank. b Free translation. It is always an unbounded translation. Sometimes, it happens between larger units than the sentence. 12 c Literal translation. It lies between the two extremes, the rank-bound, and the free translation. It may start, as it were, from word-for-word translation, but make changes in conformity with the target language grammar. As a text has both form and meaning, Larson 1984: 15 classifies translation into two main kinds i.e. form-based translation and meaning-based translation. 1 Form-based translation is usually referred to as literal translation since the translators are attempting to follow the form of the source language. 2 Meaning-based translation is known as an idiomatic translation since the meaning of the source text is expressed in the natural forms of the target language. In translating practice, however, it is hard to translate consistently idiomatic or literal, thus there are often mixtures of literal and idiomatic form of language. Therefore, translation falls on a continuum from very literal, to idiomatic and unduly free as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Very literal Literal Modified literal Inconsistent mixture Near idiomatic Idiomatic Unduly free Figure 1. Translation as a continuum by Larson 1984: 17 Furthermore, Larson 1984: 17 states that the goal of translating should be to produce a receptor language text which is idiomatic. Idiomatic here means that the translation has the same meaning as the source language but it is expressed to Translator’s Goal 13 the receptor language in the natural form. In other words, the meaning is maintained while the form of the target language is natural.

c. Process of Translation

Nida and Taber 1982: 33-34 state that there are three stages in the translating process. They are as follows. 1 Analysis In this stage, the translator analyzes the surface structure i.e. the meaning as given in source language in two points i.e. in terms of a the grammatical relationship, and of b the meaning of the words and the combination of the words. There are three major steps in this analysis stage i.e. a determining the meaningful relationships between the words and the combination of words, b determining the referential meaning of words and special combination of words idiom, and c determining the connotative meaning Nida and Taber, 1982: 34. 2 Transfer The analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from the source language to the receptor one. 3 Restructuring The transferred material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. The process of translation can be illustrated in Figure 2 below.