Meaning in Translation On Translation

19 Figure 5. Translation as TSC as metasemiotic with its stratified Connotative Denotative Semiotic realisation systems and representations Tou, 2008: 32 In TSC, semiotic has height in terms of meaning and consequently also in terms of the system that makes and realizes meaning within which meaning also resides. It is used to measure and cater for the height of meaning and its location in the system. TSC as a process derives its resource for meaning-making. Semiotic Knowledge Resource SKR is defined as material or nonmaterial reality that turns into information, including one‟s experience of the real world which is construed into meaning. That information is construed into meaning in CDS system. TSC as a system finds its expression and is realized into CDS which views a translation as a text. As metasemiotic phenomena, TSC does not exist but occurs. The occurrence is realized by and in CDS systems and representations. At connotative Connotative semiotic: Dien Ideology Culture Situation Denotative semiotic: Language [Discourse] semantics: Meaning Lexicogrammar: Wording PhonologyGraphology: SoundWriting Connotative semiotic: Dien Ideology Culture Situation Denotative semiotic: Language [Discourse] semantics: Meaning Lexicogrammar: Wording PhonologyGraphology: SoundWriting Entry point to TSC universe Translation process: TSC process: Metasemiotic process Stratified semiotic realization process TSC process Traceableuntraceable SKR 20 denotative semiotic level, TSC system as a metasemiotic system finds its expression. The expression consists of a content and expression. Denotative, in contrast, is a simple semiotic whose expression cannot be analyzed as content- expression constellation. Denotative semiotic comprises a semantic that deals with meaning, b lexicogrammar that deals with wording, and c phonologygraphology that deals with sounding writing. Meawhile, connotative contextual semiotics, in TSC, consists of four kinds i.e. dienic, ideology, culture and situation context. Dienic religious context is related to belief or religion context of the text. Ideology context is related with something that is created by humans whose values are shared by humans for the sake of humans Sinar, 2007: 99. Context of culture is very important. It is not the immediate sights that is important but also the whole cultural history behind the text. Context of situation possesses a dynamic potential for change and development overtime as a result of what is going on. It explores meaning by this environment of the text. Those four kinds of connotative semiotics are regarded as the extrinsic context of TSC itself.

f. Subtitling

Matsumoto 2003: 100 states that subtitling process is different from the translation of written text. There is very unique and interesting procedure in translation of subtitles for movies and TV programs which cannot be found in the usual work of translation. Ideally, each utterance in moviesTV programs is translated fully then it is, at the same time, displayed synchronically on the screen with the spoken words. However, one major problem is the limitations of the 21 screen space. Another obstacle is the duration of subtitle which depends on the quantity and complexity of the text, the speed of dialogues, the average reading speed of the viewer, and the sufficient intervals between subtitles. Meanwhile, Hatim and Mason 2000: 430-431 propose four main constraints of subtitling that make difficulties for the translator. They are as follows. 1 The shift of mode from speech to writing. This has the result that certain features of speech non-standard dialect, emphatic devices such as intonation, code-switching, style-shifting and turn- taking will not automatically be represented in the written form of the target text. 2 Factors which govern the medium or channel in which meaning is to be conveyed. There are physical constraint of available space and the space of the sound- track dialogue. Generally, the space is up to 33 or, in some cases, 40 keyboard characters per line and no more than two lines on the screen. The appearance may remain on the screen for a minimum of two and maximum of seven seconds. 3 The reduction of the source text as a consequence of the constraints above. The translator must reassess coherence strategies in order to maximize the irretrievability of intended meaning for a more concise target language version. 4 The requirement of matching the visual image.