Learning Through Speaking and Writing Language-Focused Learning

40 instructions are constructed, what skill will be focused on, and illustrations or pictures. All media that will support the learning process are also developed here. In addition, the time allotment and assessments are considered in this phase as well. The time allotment not only determines the amount of units that are provided, but also the length of the activities in every meeting. For the assessment, both formative and summative assessments can be applied as it is necessary. Implementation is the presentation of the learning material model to the participants. During the implementation, the plan is put into action. The materials are delivered to the student group. This aims to try out the designed learning model to the students, obtain feedback from the users, and make the appropriate adjustments to the program . This phase has to promote students’ understanding of material, support the students’ mastery of objectives, and ensure the students’ transfer knowledge from the material. The last step of ADDIE model is Evaluation. Evaluation functions as the payoff step in the instructional design plan to measure the amount of the learning outcomes. There are two kinds of evaluation, namely formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluation takes place during development and tryouts to know the weaknesses in the instructional plan. Meanwhile summative evaluation takes place at the end of the course to evaluate the degree of the student’s final achievement of the objectives and to improve any important feedback of the instructional plan. The stages of ADDIE model can be seen in figure 2.2. 41 Figure 2.3. ADDIE Instructional Model Braxton, Bronico, Looms, 2000 ADDIE instructional model is a continuous process. The designer may start from any steps and then move back and forth to the other steps Braxton, Bronico, Looms, 2000 . The sequence and order become the designer’s choice as long as it treats the five steps required in the instructional model. Meanwhile the change made in one element will influence the other elements, ideally constant revision must be carefully made during the process of designing by evaluating the stude nt’s achievement of objectives.

b. Dick and Carey Model

The following instructional design is Dick and Carey model which is widely used in educational research and development. This model proposes a methodology to break down the steps into smaller components. It consists of ten steps as presented in the following figure.