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Figure 2.3. ADDIE Instructional Model Braxton, Bronico, Looms, 2000
ADDIE instructional model is a continuous process. The designer may start from any steps and then move back and forth to the other steps Braxton, Bronico,
Looms, 2000 . The sequence and order become the designer’s choice as long as
it treats the five steps required in the instructional model. Meanwhile the change made in one element will influence the other elements, ideally constant revision
must be carefully made during the process of designing by evaluating the stude nt’s
achievement of objectives.
b. Dick and Carey Model
The following instructional design is Dick and Carey model which is widely used in educational research and development. This model proposes a methodology
to break down the steps into smaller components. It consists of ten steps as presented in the following figure.
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Figure 2.4. Dick and Carey Model adopted from Dick and Carey, 2009, p.1
The Dick and Carey model consist of ten components Dick et al, 2009, p.6. The first component is to determine what new information and skills you want
learners to master when they have completed the learning processes. The instructional goals are derived from the needs assessment, practical experience, or
performance analysis. After the goals have been identified, instructional analysis is conducted by determining what skills, knowledge, and attitudes, known as entry
skills, are needed. Instead of analyzing the instructional goal, there is a parallel analysis of the learners and the context. This will shape what skills learners should
learn and finally use. Based on the previous analysis, specific performance objectives can be formulated. The objectives must represent the criteria of
successful performance. Then, based on the formulated objectives, assessments are developed to measure what has been described in the objectives. The emphasis is
on relating the skills to the assessment requirements. The five preceding steps help the designer to move to the next step that is called develop instructional strategy.
The strategy aims to foster students student learning including such preinstructional activities as stimulating motivation and focusing attention, participation and
