Design Research Goal and Method

67 distributing questionnaires. The setting in conducting this stage was in Duta Wacana Christian University and Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. Duta Wacana Christian University and Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta were selected because the university provides general English program for novice students. Thus, the setting covered Duta Wacana Christian University and Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. The researcher gained information such as the syllabus, materials, information about the learning programs, and students’ needs, wants, and lacks. From the data and supported by the relevant theories, the researcher then assumed the needs. For the product model, the researcher conducted preliminary testing firstly. Some experts or lecturers were chosen to validate and give suggestions for the designed learning model. It also aimed to confirm the theories employed in this research. Thus, this step was so-called expert validation. The experts consisted of one lecturer of English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University, one lecturer of Introduction to College English ICE Duta Wacana Christian University, and one lecturer of Language Institution Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. The setting of this step was Sanata Dharma University, Duta Wacana Christian University, and Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta. After the preliminary testing, the researcher did a try-out in one class of ICE, Duta Wacana Christian University. The class consisted of around 26 students. The setting of this stage was Duta Wacana Christian University. The college general English model was taught in several meetings, depending on the class syllabus. In the end of the implementation, the students, as the users, got the questionnaires to give feedback, which would guide the researcher to the final revision. 68

C. Data Gathering Instruments

The research utilized some kinds of instruments to gather the data, those were interview and questionnaire. Interview and questionnaire were used to verify the needs and the acceptable model. The explanation is presented as follows.

1. Interview

According to Seliger and Shohamy 1989: 166, interview could be used to gain specific data by means of converting it. It might be observations such the related motivation, behavior, and it enabled the researcher to paraphrase the questions when needed. There were two kinds of interview questions, open-ended questions and closed questions. Close-ended questions were used when the number of responses were limited and relevant responses could be specified. Meanwhile open-ended questions were used when the range of answer was unlimited or unpredictable. In this study, the researcher used open ended questions in order to explore more detailed answers as the basis in developing the designed model. In the study, the interview was conducted to one lecturer of Introduction to College English, Duta Wacana Christian University and one lecturer of Language Institution, Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta . It aimed to obtain the information needed about the facilities, methods, strategies, approach, learner’s characteristics, background knowledge, and the readiness of the students to learn English from the teacher’s point of view. The researcher conducted an informal interview in order to create a convenient atmosphere so that the interviewee could give more detailed responses while the researcher was documenting the related information using recording device. The interview guidelines can be seen in Appendix 1. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI