Roy 2008, and Rogers and Christian 2007 employ rigorous examination of language.
This thesis also employs rigorous study of language by using Systemic Functional Linguistics examining three aspects of meanings, i.e.: Textual,
Interpersonal, and Expreriential meanings. Even more, this study comprehends more rigorous study on language by using the framework of semantic
macrostructure and microstructure of the texts by van Dijk and also Appraisal and Attitudinal analysis by the choice of words in the texts. Hopefully, by the rigorous
and systemic study of language, the result of this thesis might be more coherent.
2.3. Theoretical Framework
In this chapter, several theories have been reviewed. They are the theories on Ideology, Power, and Language, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic
Functional Linguistics, Attitude, and Plot. To avoid redundancy, the detailed discussion of the theories will not be presented again in this section. Besides, this
section will concern on putting the theories into the way they are employed together to solve the thesis problems.
In this section the theories mentioned above will be put as the framework to solve the research questions. The discussion of Ideology, Power, and Language are
going to be employed to present a clear definition and boundaries on the characteristics of Ideology. Therefore, the ideologies traced from the folktales are
based on those definition and characteristics. The discussion of Power defines the exercise of power that brings submissiveness and dependency of the powerless
groups as the consequence. The definitions and characteristics of power are employed to categorize the society into the opposition of powerful and powerless
groups. Later on, the analysis on the language presents the evidences of the categorization. The discussion on Language in relation to those on Ideology and
Power present the rationale that language is possible to be the entry to reveal the existence of power and ideology in the society. Thus, the finding of the first
research question will be based on the reviewed definition and limitation on what is defined as ideology and power.
The next discussed theories are employed to draw the operational procedures of the study, and serve the tools to solve the second and the third
problems. The theories on CDA give the practical framework on how to analyze the text to reveal the ideologies and the practice of imbalance power relationship.
The analysis will mainly be based on the analysis of macro- and microstructure analysis proposed by van Dijk 1980 and 2001 and considering the “three-
dimensional” framework by Fairclough 1995. The macrostructure is the observation on the global meaning of the texts while microstructure is the
observation on the local meanings in the texts. The three dimensional framework suggests that this study will pay attention to the discourse practice, the textual
analysis, and the social practice in the society. The discourse practice might be analysed in terms of the production, consumption, and the distribution of the texts.
The production is observable by the way they are collected and published. The consumption is by considering the target readers, both the intended and unintended
readers. The distribution is observable by the way they are published and reproduced in a publication. The textual analysis is conducted by observing the
texts in details, in terms of the choice of words, the transitivity, modality, and thematic structure. The textual analysis is also conducted by classifying the plots
and themes. The social practice is analysed by studying related textbooks and data about the implementation of the ideologies in the islands. The social practice
examination might be limited since literatures about the culture of the islands are limited.
Several notions related to the nature of CDA were also presented to focus the study into the framework of CDA. Therefore, this study focuses on revealing
the transparent ideology and power imbalance practices in a particular society Rogers 2004, Fairclough 1992 and 1995, Locke 2004, van Dijk 1993 and 2001,
on making use of language in analyzing the discourse Brown and Yule 1983, Fairclough 1992 and 2001, Wodak 2003, and van Dijk 1997, and by the systemic
analysis in the methodology Fairclough 1995, Rogers 2004, and van Dijk 2001. The theories on Systemic Functional Linguistics by Halliday 2004 will be
utilized to observe the language used to deliver the ideologies and the power. This approach on language is selected because of the notion that in using language the
language user consciously or not chooses the set of utterances and system to deliver the meaning Barker and Galasinski 2001, Gee 2001, Halliday 2004. Besides, the
approach also claims that language does not only possess one layer of meaning but also three. The theory on transitivity, modality, and thematic structure will be
employed to find the characteristics of the characters in relation to their ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The transitivity analysis provides the
evidences from the ideational meaning and the modality does from the interpersonal. As a derivation from Systemic Functional Linguistics, the theory of
Appraisal by Martin and White 2005 presents the analysis of the attitudes and
feelings in the texts. The analysis will reveal the attitudes of and towards particular characters.
To fulfill the interdisciplinary characteristic of CDA, the theory on plot is employed to show the coherence of the folktales and texts in terms of their causal
arrangements. The analysis on plot also provides a kind of triangulation to the linguistic analysis. The stories will be observed based on the types of plots proposed
by Booker 2004. The result of the analysis on plot is the determined fate of the characters. Since the characters are categorized into two groups based on the power
relation, thus, the fate of both the powerful and powerless characters can be observed.
Putting the macro- and microstructure analysis by van Dijk 1980 and 2001, the working tools above are classified into the macro- and microstructure
analysis tools. In observing the macrostructure, the theories on thematic structure Halliday, 2004, topics and themes in macrostructure analysis van Dijk, 1980,
and plot are employed. They are useful in generating the global meaning of the texts. In the other hands, the microstructure analysis takes the analysis of attitude
Martin and White 2005, transitivity, and modality Halliday, 2004. Putting the thesis into the three-dimensional framework by Fairclough
2005, the theories and discussion will fall into the discourse practice, textual analysis, and the social practice. The discourse practice observing the production,
distribution, and consumption will take the theory of Ideology, Power, and language by Foucault 1977, the nature of folktales by Propp 1984, Zipes 2006a, 2006b,
and Booker 2004. The discourse also elaborates the perspective of postmodernism in relation to power relation and rejection of grand-narrative by Lyotard 1984,
Butler 2002, Sim 2001, and Bertens 1995. The textual analysis will be practically done by employing the Systemic Functional Grammar analysis by
Halliday 2004 taking focus on the transitivity, modality. The use of language to deliver appraisal is also observed by the attitudinal analysis by Martin and White
2005. The texture of the text is also studied in terms of the plot. The plot is perused accordingly to the types of plots by Booker 2004 and Tobias 1993. The detailed
methodology and procedures of the study will be discussed in chapter 3.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the mechanism in conducting this study. This chapter discusses the type of the study, the object of the study, and the analysis procedures.
They are needed to systematically solve the research problems by providing descriptions of the nature of the selected data and procedures employed in this
study. The type of the study explains the nature of the field that the study employs the methodology. The object of the study is the discussion of the nature, the form,
and the origin of the data. The analysis procedure contains the detailed steps and the analysis process of the study on how the data are collected, elicited, and
interpreted to solve the problem.
3.1. Type of the Study
This study is a Critical Discourse Analysis CDA because it tries to reveal the transparent practice of power imbalance in a particular society and it employs
rigorous and deep linguistic analysis on the text Fairclough, 1995: 133. Further, this study also preserves a response to a social practice existing in a society. The
linguistic analysis in this study is applied to several folktales originated from Komodo Islands that seem to deliver some ideologies of the society around the
islands. The result of deep and rigorous linguistic analysis is then related to the social and theoretical context to reveal the transparent practice of power imbalance
in the society. In other words, the use of language in the folktales in the forms of clauses in the narration and conversation might illustrate the practice of power
imbalance in the society.
