1989: 65. Moreover Simpson mentions that stylisticians rely on intuitions and hunches Simpson, 2004: 75. However, since intuition is not neutral, i.e. it is
subjective to the readers Carter and Simpson, 1989: 64, the justification to the intuition is needed. Thus, what Carter means by “to link” between the language and
the meaning is to provide justification towards the intuition. Further, the link is by conducting rigorous linguistic analysis towards the object of the study.
The rigorous linguistic analysis and literary analysis are the explication of the major or general structure of the texts and the detailed or the micro structure of
the texts or van Dijk mentions them as macrostructure and microstructure van Dijk, 1976 and 1980. The major or the general structure of the texts is called the
macrostructure. The analysis of the macrostructure of the text might reveal the global meaning of the text as a whole. The observation might be beneficial since
the texts would be considered as a unity. The bias or the tendency to mislook or to misinterpret the meanings might be avoided. The rigorous microstructure analysis
would support the general meanings by providing the detailed evidences. By having the microstructure analysis, the tendency of overgeneralization in grasping the
meaning might be avoided. While the macrostructure analysis discusses the texts as a unity, the microstructure analysis observes the detailed chunks from the texts.
Linguistic tools in studying literary works in terms of the macrostructure have been employed for purposes. Hartmann, Hartmann, and Feustel 2005 show
the motif definition and classification to structure non-linear plots and to control the narrative flows interactive dramas by employing macrostructure of the drama.
Even though the macrostructure in the study is the one by Vladimmir Propp, the essence of macrostructure analysis doesn not differ in terms of the examination of
the general meaning and construction of texts. They concludes that the
macrostructures aare useful to design interactive drama since they might set the rules and structures of the drama. The use of microstructure and macro structure is
also employed in defining the structure of scientific texts. A study by Hutchins 1977 investigates the structural features of scientific texts. In his study, he
analytically analyse the use of anaphora, reference and subtitution, ellipsis, conjuctions, sentence adverbs, and lexical cohesions in the observed texts. For the
microstructure analysis deals with thematic and semantic progression of the clauses and sentences in the texts. For the macrostructure, he employs the episodes and
functions by Greimas 1966 that in a texts, there are particular functional sequence of orientation, complication, evaluation, resolution, and coda. In the conclusion, he
mentions that communicational function on textual structure is more direct and transparent in scientific texts than in other types of texts. This thesis employs the
analysis on the microstructures and macrostructures of texts critically that it does not only seek for the structures of the texts, but highlight the hidden ideologies and
agenda beyond the structures. Theoretically the backgrounds are on the nature of literature appreciation,
language as a tool to appreciate literary works, and the power imbalance in folktales, and practically the background is the promotion of Indonesian culture and
literature to the world in accordance to the development of Asian Literature. Considering the theoretical and practical background, this thesis will foreground
the ideologies presented in the book and the use of language to deliver the ideologies.
1.2. Problem Formulation
This thesis answers the following questions: 1.
What are the ideologies conveyed through the folktales? 2.
How are the main ideologies represented in the folktales through the semantic macrostructure and microstructure of the folktales by the
employment of the linguistic aspects on transitivity, modality, and the system of appraisal?
1.3. Objectives of the Study
In conducting the study, the writer has three objectives related to the field of linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, and Literature. One of my objectives
is also related to the awareness of Asian Language, Literature, and Culture. Firstly, this study wants to observe the use of language to deliver the power
and ideologies exist in Komodo Islands’ society. This objective means to know what and how Komodo Islands’ concepts of power and ideologies may be delivered
through language. This objective is achievable by employing deep and rigorous study on the objects of study using linguistic analysis.
Secondly, this study wants to give appreciation to the literary works. This study gives appreciation by giving interpretation to the folktales. Since to
understand the whole meaning to the works might need long and deep observation, this study only wants to unveil the ideologies and power imbalance. This objective
employs the linguistic analysis in appreciating the literary works. This is in line with the approach in stylistic study, that a work may be appreciated by studying the
linguistic features. In addition, the linguistic analysis employed in this thesis is the perusal of transitivity, modality, and thematic structure as the aspects of language.
The observation on those aspects might show the systemic characteristic of language in use. Another linguistic theory which is also a derivation of Systemic
Functional Linguistic on the system of appraisal, would support the study that the language in use in folktales might deliver particular meanings through the
demonstration of feelings. Appreciation to literary works by the linguistic analysis is a way to avoid bias in interpretation.
Thirdly, this study wants to promote the study on Asian language and literature. This objective is a cultural goal to introduce Komodo Islands’ cultures as
a part of Indonesian culture and, in wider context, Asian culture. This objective is not directly related to the research questions however, the result of this study might
be used as the example of a study on Asian Literature. This becomes an objective since there are limited studies on the literary works of the particular regions.
1.4. Benefits of the Study
This study provides four benefits for the readers especially those who are interested in linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis, and Cultural Studies. First,
this study serves an example on Critical Discourse Analysis in practice. It may give better insight to those who want to conduct similar study on CDA. This study
employs CDA framework based on linguistic analysis in the analysis. By employing the systematic methodology and rigorous study of language, hopefully
this study might serve an example for CDA enthusiasts. This study also presents the analysis on particular genre of texts, i.e. folktales therefore it may be an example
on how to activate the language features of the genre to interpret the meaning behind the translated literary works.
Second, this study also presents the analysis on particular genre of texts, i.e. folktales therefore it might be an example on how to activate the language features
of the genre to interpret the meaning behind the translated literary works. This study presents alternative methodology in reading folktales by shifting the perspective
into more political point of view. Moral messages of the folktales are seen as the hidden message from the producers, i.e. the author, the story teller, or even, the
publisher, to be delivered to the consumers. This critical perspective of reading hopefully might raise awareness of the hidden agenda of folktales.
Third, this study is a promotion of local culture, especially the culture of Komodo islands. This study presents th
e analysis on Komodo Islands’ culture. There are not many studies conducted to observe Komodo Islands’ culture although
they are famous place in the world. Hence, this study may be one of the initial studies on Komodo Islands, Indonesia, and Asian literature. In a wider perspective,
this study promotes Cross Cultural Understanding. This is in line with the spirit of post-modern era that it celebrates locality rather than standardization. Since the
writer is a native Indonesian, then, the study is also a response to the question about the authorship of South East Asian Studies arose by Sears 2007: 45 that she
mentions “the question of who is writing or who should be writing South East Asian histories, ethnographies, and literary critiques has become subject to debate over
past ten years”. Though by conducting this study the answer of the question cannot be clearly answered, the writer tries to raise the awareness of the Indonesian about
the ‘self-belonging’ attitudes toward the Indonesian culture. This study also brings out the actual picture of social perspectives of the society endowing the literary
works.
Fourth, hopefully, this study is also beneficial to the readers of the folktales in understanding the texts. This study serves a different perspective in reading
folktales as a genre of literature. The perspective in reading folktales and other literary genre might be also from critical perspective, including the perspective on
power-relation, ideology, and power dominance.
12
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURES
This section is divided into two major subtitles; the Review of Related Theories and the Review of Related Studies. Review of Related Theories presents
reviews and elaboration of several theories that is needed to answer the research problems introduced in Chapter I. The theories are those on the concepts of Power
and Ideology, some concepts on Critical Discourse Analysis CDA, Systemic Functional Linguistics, Attitude, and Plot. The discussion will cover relevant
notions to the study. The Review on Related Studies presents the previous studies conducted by some researches on similar topics. The objective of presenting the
previous related studies is to show the position of this study in the recent studies.
2.1. Review of Related Theories
In this section, reviews of some theories are introduced. The theories are the ones on the concepts of power and ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis and
Systemic Functional Linguistics, Attitude, and Plot. Not all concepts of them will be delivered but only those that contribute in solving the research problems. The
concepts of power and ideology give contribution in defining and limiting the notion of power and ideology, since there are many definitions and notions of power
and ideology. The theories on CDA are needed since it is the general framework of the study. The study sticks to the methodology of CDA. For instance, by reviewing
the theories on CDA therefore this study focuses on revealing ideology and power imbalance in practice in a society. Systemic Functional Linguistics is the tool in
observing the data, especially by conducting Transitivity, Modality, and Thematic structure analysis.
2.1.1 . Ideology, Power, and Language
Ideology is a set of beliefs and values considered to be true by a person or a group of people. This is in line with Jones that he notes
, “Nowadays ‘ideology’ tends to be used more widely, to refer to any set of beliefs which, to the people who
hold them, appear to be logical and ‘natural’” 1999: 30. An ideology drives the people who believe in it to do or not to do anything in their life. Because it is
considered to be true, the ideology also shapes the attitudes of the holder to the reality. For instance, for some people in particular culture addressing the elders by
their names is considered as impolite and consequently, whenever there is a child addressing their parents by their names the child will receive negative attitude from
the people. Locke also notes that he “defines an ideology is an elaborate story told
about the ideal conduct of some aspect of human affairs” 2004: 33.
By referring to the definition that an ideology is considered as logical and natural to the holders an ideology may not fit to all. The possibility that in a society
many ideologies exist is widely open. However, it is common that peoples sharing same ideology will gather in a group and set their objectives and actions based on
the ideologies. In the practice, this phenomenon can be observed in the existence of political parties. The members of a party must share the same ideologies each other.
They also, then, decide their political turns based on their ideologies. This is in accordance with what Simpson defines
, that an ideology is “assumptions, beliefs, and value-systems which are shared collectively
by social groups” 1993: 5. As a shared belief and assumption, an ideology is often understood only as
thought or knowledge, however it is also practical. Kim mentions that an ideology cannot be separated from reality 2009: 9. This idea is discussed as the ideological
