Recommendations CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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A. Ikram, Trans. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Wardhaugh, R. 2010. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Willey- Blackwell. Weis, G., Wodak, R. 2003. Critical Discourse Analysis Theory and Interdisciplinarity. New York : Palgrave Macmillan. Wodak, R. 2001. What is CDA about: a Summary of its History, Important Concepts, and Its Developments. In Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis pp. 1-13. London: Sage. Zipes, J. 2006. Fairy Tales and the Art of Subversion. New York: Routledge. Zipes, J. 2006. Why Fairytales Stick. New York: Routledge. Zizek, S. 2008. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso. APPENDICES Appendix 1: The Macroproposition Generalizations and Constructions

1. The Tears of Empu Mburing

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. EmpuMburing lived long time ago The story was in the past The story sets in unknown time 2. EmpuMburing liked to be alone The character is solitary and have a particular habit There is a custom in society and people should obey the custom 3. EmpuMburing ate ikanteri 4. People of the village didn’t like Empu Mburing’s habit The habit of the character is not satisfying before the custom 5. EmpuMburing went fishing Fishing is common and sometimes people do not earn as what they expect Human being is limited in their competence in their life 6. EmpuMburing caught ndekar fruit instead of teri fish and took it home 7. EmpuMburing found delicious foods served in the table People are blessed by supernatural being and they love the blessing Human being is powerless before the supernatural being 8. EmpuMburing loved the foods and ate them until finished 9. The foods were served by a beautiful princess coming from the Ndekar fruit 10. EmpuMburing asked to marry the Princess People are not always pleased and asked more to the supernatural being 11. The princess agreed to marry EmpuMburing with one condition 12. EmpuMburing went fishing and ate teri fish People break condition given by the supernatural being and it brings a consequence Supernatural being is powerful over human beings and may give conditions along with the consequences 13. EmpuMburing lied to the princess and it made her angry for three times 14. The princess were angry and went away 15. EmpuMburing tried to ask for forgiveness but the princess did not forgive him The consequence is the separation of human beings from the supernatural being 16. EmpuMburing and the princess were divided into different islands

2. Siti Fari Empu Rencak

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. The story was in the past The story was in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past 2. The people are few and scattered in many places The society members are not close each other Human’s life is not well organized and human struggle for living 3. Empu Rencak lives far from other people Empu Rencak is not close to society 4. Empu Rencak is a simple farmer Empu Rencak is a common person and farming and hunting are common 5. Empu Rencak also hunts for crabs and shrimps. 6. Empu Rencak finds the door of his house open 7. Someone enters his house A beautiful woman enters Empu Rencak ’s house Human should obey the custom working in their society Different society might have different custom to obey 8. He is ready to open the door 9. Empu Rencak sees a beautiful woman 10. Empu Rencak introduces himself to the woman 11. Empu Rencak had an idea. Empu Rencak obeys the custom about marrying a woman en tering a man’s house 12. The idea is accordingly to the custom that when a woman enters the home of an unmarried man, she must consent to be his wife 13. She agrees to marry Empu Rencak with one condition SitiFari agrees to marry Empu Rencak with a condition 14. Empu Rencak must build a home to live and a boat to fish this night Empu Rencak must build a home to live and a boat to fish this night 15. The world of human is close to the world of djinn Empu Rencak asks supernatural help from three djins 16. Empu Rencak called upon the help from three djinns since the task is impossible 17. The djinns agree to help The djinns helps Empu Rencak by using their immense power Human is powerless without supernatural help 18. The djinns tear out great chunks of rock and hammer them into bricks using bare hands 19. The djinns carried the rocks to a hilltop 20. SitiFari remains calm SitiFari does not want to marry Empu Rencak Different society might have different custom to obey 21. One of the djinn turned his attention to the boat, tearing down two trees with mighty blows and creating a boat 22. SitiFari has no intention to marry Empu Rencak 23. SitiFari can call upon supernatural help since she is the daughter of Sultan of Bima SitiFari calls upon supernatural help in form of cockerel to disturb the work of the djinns Human is powerless without supernatural help 24. Sitifari summons a supernatural cockerel 25. The crow of the supernatural cockerel disturbs the work of the djinns 26. The palace and the boat are incomplete The condition is not met and they are separated. Human should obey the agreement that they have set before 27. Empu Rencak tried to finish the work but failed 28. SitiFari and Empu Rencak are separated. 29. SitiFari travelled to Komodo and Empu Rencak lived in his little shack

3. The Mesa Itch

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. The story was far in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past 2. The Bugis trader is full of knowledge about direction and fishery The character posseses positive features as the member of society Human beings possesses positive and negative features. The negative features bring consequences 3. The Bugis trader could sailed in a fast speed 4. The Bugis trader is not boastful and arrogant but his knowledge and skill made him enemies among other captains 5. Someone steals into the ship and damage the ship The ship is broken into by someone, and the ship is damaged 6. The damage is impossible to be fix until they can reach the land 7. The captain show his calmness 8. The sea current blows the ship 9. The men of the ship work stoically although they know the danger 10. The ship was damaged and fall apart 11. The captain sinks but is help by a big ikan layar The captain sinks and the ikanlayardjinn helps the captain to land on an island Human beings need the help of supernatural being 12. The fish is not an ordinary fish and it swims fast 13. The captain is helped by the ikan layar, and landed on an island of Mesa 14. The fish warns the captain that the place has dangers The fish gives the captains conditions and warnings The supernatural being is more knowledgeable than human beings 15. The captain may only set foot on the beach and the rocks 16. The captain may find ships to Flores 17. The captain may not enter the island 18. The djinn leaves the captain 19. The captain is thirsty and tries to find water The captain gets cursed because break the conditions and warnings given by the djinn Human being gets cursed because disobey the conditions and warnings given by supernatural beings 20. The captain get the curse of itching since he set foot on ivy 21. The captain goes back to the beach 22. The captain tries to relieve the itching 23. The captain finds a ship and tries to ask for help The captain get helped by a ship Human being needs the other human beings 24. The ship helps the captain 25. The crew recognizes the captain 26. The itching is gone when the captain sets foot on the deck 27. The captain tells the story to the people The story of the captain has been known by the people The story has become a custom 28. The people have heard similar stories 29. The captain feels a deep melancholy that he wants to return to the island The curse is not only the itching but also the sensation to return to the island 30. The captain loses his sense 31. The captain loses his skills 32. The captain can only remember Mesa island 33. The captain thinks that the ikanlayar should know the way to break the curse The captain returns to the island and asks the djin the way to break the curse Human being should consult the supernatural being to overcome problems 34. The captain sails back to Mesa 35. 36. 37. The captain calls upon the djinn and asks the way to break the curse 38. The djinn tells the captain that there is a hope to break the curse The djinn tells the way and a condition that human may not eat and hunt ikanlayar The supernatural being helps human with its condition 39. 40. The djinn will tell the way with a condition that the people will never hunt and eat ikanlayar 41. 42. The captain promises and the djinn tells the way 43. 44. The captain does what the djinn suggests with a struggle The captain obeys and does the suggestion and live in the island Human being who does the suggestions by supernatural being will survive 45. 46. The captain is successful and the terrible sensation disappears 47. The captain name the island Mesa and set up a community there 48. The people do not eat ikanlayar

4. The Pirates of Gili Motong

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. The story was in the past The story was in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past 2. The society is a community of pirates The characters are cruel pirates who live by robbing ships by using women as decoy The human characters posses negative characteristics and low skills Human being is limited in knowledge and skill 3. The pirates robs other ships to live 4. The pirates use women as their decoys when they rob 5. The pirates will attack other ships when the crew of the ships are unaware 6. The pirates are so cruel that no single victim is spared 7. The pirates also claim that they are the most fearsome raiders 8. Being cruel brings consequences 9. No ships sail near GiliMotang because they are afraid of the pirates 10. The pirates cannot sail so they cannot rob ships in the open sea The pirates have no ability in sailing and they face problem when there are no ship sails to GiliMotang 11. The food and water are running low 12. The pirates become hungry 13. The leader of the pirates realized something had to be done. 14. The leader of the pirates tell his crew a plan to overcome the problem The leader of the pirates has a plan to overcome the problem by sailing to Sumba and robbing the people there With the limited knowledge and skill human need to struggle in their life 15. The pirates will go abroad to Sumba island to raid the island 16. Sumba island is far away 17. The pirates will attack in the dawn 18. They go to Sumba island by the biggest boat 19. They seem to find a land to port 20. The pirates start to attack as soon as they land 21. The pirates are eager to kill the inhabitants of the island 22. The situation is a rout 23. The pirates kill the victims with no mercy The pirates kill the inhabitant with no mercy as soon as they land Human being with their limitation make mistakes and always regret in the end 24. The sun rises and shines unto the island 25. The pirates find that they have killed their own kinsmen The pirates have done a mistake that they do not go anywhere and they killed their own kinsmen 26. The pirates realize that they have done terrible mistake 27. The mistake is that they forget to untie the boat from a tamarind tree 28. The pirates regret and row out to the sea to nowhere 29. The pirates arrive in the Komodo island The pirates feel regret and become silent 30. The pirates become silent

5. The Dragon Princess of Komodo

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. The story was in the past The story was in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past 2. The leader in Komodo island is called EmpuNajo and his wife is Lea There is a community and custom in the island There is a society and custom in the island 3. The community is periodically attacked by Bajo people The community is not powerful The society needs an effort to survive 4. The community flees to mountains avoiding the raid of Bajo people 5. EmpuNajo makes an announcement for the community to go to the mountains and live there The community flees avoiding dangers 6. The community can live by the natural resources The community sustains the life by depending to natural resources 7. The community builds houses from natural resources also 8. The community lives in peace 9. Lea is pregnant The community needs to have a member with particular role There are roles in the society 10. Lea is ready to give birth when the community is moving to the mountain 11. The community has no dukung whereas only dukung can help in giving birth 12. EmpuNajo helps to deliver the child 13. Lea has given birth to a human son an a non human twin sister There are division of human and non human existence in the community. The non human existence take form of animal There are human and non human existence in the society 14. The non human daughter has an appearance like the giant lizards from the savannah 15. Lea past away When a role in a community disappears, another member should take the place for the role Some roles in the society are essential 16. EmpuNajo should take care of the two babies alone 17. The babies are fed by goat’s milk The non human existence is more powerful than the human one The non human existence is more powerful than the human one 18. The non human baby grows up quicker than the human baby 19. The non human baby is interested in eating chickens The non human existence shows strange habit different from what the human has. The society does not like the habit and set certain rules. The society has customs and the members should obey 20. The neighbors do not like of the non human habit deed that she attacks their chickens 21. The neighbors do not like the non human daughter living among them 22. Only EmpuNajo and the human son love the non human daughter and sister 23. The babies like to play together 24. One day the non human child disappears The human and non human existence share differences in terms of their habits and habitats Human being is different from non human being 25. The human baby misses the non human sister 26. EmpuNajo assures the human boy that his non human sister will come back 27. The non human goes back home in the evening 28. The human child is happy of the returning of his non human sister 29. The non human child stays at home for a week 30. The non human child goes for two days and comes back with no hunger 31. Since the non human child learns to hunt, her time staying in the village becomes shorter 32. The siblings wake up but the non human child goes and the human child knows that his sister will not come back 33. The non human child has gone for years and the human brother forgets 34. The human child has exceptional skill and wisdom Human being is depicted with good characteristics Human being possesses good conducts and non human does the opposite 35. The human child is a gentle gardener 36. The human child is an expert hunter 37. The human child hunts in the forest 38. The human child aims at his target and is ready to attack The non human being obstruct human’s objectives 39. An animal appears obstructing the human child’s aim 40. The animal is his non human sister 41. The human child draw back the weapon but does not want to lose the prey 42. A woman appears in front of the human and non human children A supernatural being appears and provides enlightenment Supernatural beings set the conditions for human an non human to live together 43. The woman asks the human to put down the weapon 44. The human child remember that the non human is his sister 45. The woman disappears 46. The human and his non human sister are separated The human and non human live separately but in peace 47. The community treat dragons kindly as if they were family

6. The Sad Tale of Ina Materia

No. Generalization 1 Generalization 2 Construction 1. The setting of time is not specific The story was in the past The story sets in unknown time in the past 2. Ina Materia sings and pound wood pulp There is Ina Materia who is beautiful There is a custom of marriage that society members should obey 3. Ina Materia is beautiful 4. A man keeps looking at Ina Materia A man intends to marry Ina Materia 5. The man approach Ina Materia 6. The man asks his parents to marry Ina Materia 7. His father gives condition to the man in order to marry Ina Materia The man gets their parents’ permission to marry Ina Materia 8. Ina Materia’s parents agree that the man might marry Ina Materia 9. The man’s father put ikat sarong as a symbol that they are from Sumba Clothes are important symbols in the custom There are significant symbolic things in the society’s custom 10. The man’s father gives the ikat sarong to the couple as a symbol of their unity 11. The couple marry and live away from the main village The man decides that the family lives away for an emotional reason There roles based on gender in the custom 12. The man prefers to live solitude since he is jealous to other men 13. There are gender roles in society for men and women There are gender roles in the society for its members 14. Men hunt and women cook Ina Materia bear a child There are significant symbolic things in the society’s custom 15. Ina Materia takes the child while collecting woods 16. Ina Materia slips and falls Ina Materia gets into trouble because she dirt the symbolic sarong. 17. The sarong falls into mud and gets very dirty 18. Ina Materia becomes sad 19. Ina Materia is afraid and does not know what to do 20. Ina Materia’s cousin passes by and offers a help to clean the sarong 21. Ina Materia goes home with her cousin’s sarong 22. Ina Materia’s husband notice that she wears different sarong The man gets angry knowing the sarong was dirty 23. Ina Materia’s husband gets angry 24. Ina Materia tries to explain to her husband 25. Ina Materia’s husband hits Ina Materia’s head 26. Ina Materia’s husband is still angry and gets jealous Ina Materia goes away from the house Prayer is powerful. 27. Ina Materia becomes very sad 28. Ina Materia takes her child and heads into the mountains 29. On the way, Ina Materia bandages her wound by using leaves 30. Ina Materia reaches a ravine called TebingJurang 31. Ina Materia sits down in the ravine for three days 32. Ina Materia prays to God for a chance Ina Materia becomes stone because of her own oath 33. Ina Materia utters an oath that she would turn to rock if she committed adultery 34. Ina Materia wants to take a leap but she cannot since her feet become stone 35. At last, Ina Materia becomes a stone 36. The stone is still visible in Komodo village Appendix 2: The Macropropositions Mapping The Tears of Empu Mburing 1 Siti Fari and Empu Rencak 2 The Mesa Itch 3 The Pirates of Gili Montong 4 The Dragon Princess of Komodo 5 The Sad Tale of Ina Materia 6 A There is a custom in society and people should obey the custom Human’s life is not well organized and human struggle for living Human beings possess positive and negative features. The negative features bring consequences The human characters posses negative characteristics and low skills There is a society and custom in the island There is a custom of marriage that society members should obey B Human being is limited in their competence in their life Human should obey the custom working in their society Human beings need the help of supernatural being Human being is limited in knowledge and skill The society needs an effort to survive There are significant symbolic things in the society’s custom C Human being is powerless before the supernatural being Different society might have different custom to obey The supernatural being is more knowledgeable than human beings With the limited knowledge and skill human need to struggle in their life There are roles in the society There roles based on gender in the custom D Supernatural being is powerful over human beings and may give conditions along with the consequences Human is powerless without supernatural help Human being gets cursed because disobey the conditions and warnings given by supernatural beings Human being with their limitation make mistakes and always regret in the end There are human and non human existence in the society There are significant symbolic things in the society’s custom E Different society might have different custom to obey Human being needs the other human beings Some roles in the society are essential Prayer is powerful. F Human is powerless without supernatural help The story has become a custom The non human existence is more powerful than the human one G Human should obey the agreement that they have set before Human being should consult the supernatural being to overcome problems The society has customs and the members should obey H The supernatural being helps human with its condition Human being is different from non human being I Human being who does the suggestions by supernatural being will survive Human being possesses good conducts and non human does the opposite J Supernatural beings set the conditions for human an non human to live together Appendix 3: The Transitivity Analysis of Human Beings’ Powerlessness

1. The Tears of Empu Mburing a. Material Processes

No. Verbs Participants Circum Actor Goal Scpe Rcpt 1. catch Empu Mburing - all the fish - - 2. gave Nothing more pleasure - him - 3. gave to eat these fleet little fish - - - - 4. left Empu Mburing - his cave - to go fishing purpose 5. strolle d down He - - - to the shore place 6. pushe d He his perahu - - past the breakers distance 7. licking He his lips - - - 8. cast He his net - - - 9. had caught He something - - - 10. dragge d He the net - - In location 11. threw Empu Mburing it - - back into the sea location 12. went he - - - Home place Hungry manner 13. caught he Nothing ndekar fruit - - - 14. did He - - - Always frequency 15. didn’t catch He any fish - - - 16. didn’t catch He any ndekar fruit - - - 17. - went He - - - Home place 18. entere d he the cave - - - 19. finishe d he every last morsel - - - 20. return ed he - - - to find the same feast laid out on his table purpose 21. ate he it - - once again frequency with relish manner 22. did not go he - - - Fishing purpose 23. hid he - - - by the entrance of the cave place 24. seized Empu Mburing the ndekar fruit - - - 25. had been keepin g He - - - under his roof location 26. smash ed he it - - - 27. had come she - - - Where place 28. walke d he - - - towards the princess place 29. embra ced he - her - Gently manner from behind place 30. had smash ed he the fruit - - - 31. lived They - - - Happily manner Together accompaniment in their cave place 32. hurrie d down Empu Mburing - - - to the beach place 33. hoped he - - - in his perahu place 34. sailed out he - - - to his favourite spot place 35. cast he his net - - - 36. drew he the net - - - 37. sat He - - - for a long time duration 38. ate he them - - - 39. throw he the remains - - back into the ocean place 40. wippin g he his mouth - - with the back of his sleeve manner; means 41. arrive d He - - - back at the cage place 42. ate Empu Mburing little - - - 43. ate Empu Mburing teri fish - - - 44. did not catch He anything - - at all degree 45. raised Empu Mburing his hand - - - 46. eat he a teri fish - - Never frequency Again frequency 47. made they they peace - - - 48. went Empu Mburing - - - Fishing purpose Again frequency with his wife’s blessing accompaniment ; comitative 49. bring He some kakap merah - us Back place for supper purpose 50. gather ed up He his net - - Again frequency 51. ate he the teri fish - - - 52. throwi ng he the bones - - into the ocean place 53. washi ng he his face - - with seawater means this time time 54. got He - - - home place 55. presen ted Empu Mburing his wife - - with the basket of kakap merah means 56. were sitting down They - - - to eat purpose 57. ate Empu Mburing teri fish - - - 58. raised Empu Mburing his hand - - - 59. waited Empu Mburing - - - for a week duration 60. go he - - - Fishing purpose once again frequency 61. went He - - - in his perahu place 62. cast He his net - - - 63. catch He nothing - - - 64. Flung out He his net - - - 65. drew He his net - - for the last time time 66. started he - folding it up to stow in the bow - - 67. Foldin g up he it - - - 68. to stow he - - - in the bow place 69. ate He it - - - 70. washe d He his face - - three times frequency 71. rubbin g he it - - Hard manner with a cloth means 72. sat down He - - - to dinner purpose as usual manner 73. did not catch he one fish - - -

b. Mental Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Senser Phenomenon 1. puzzled He - - 2. disappoint ed He - - 3. feeling He hungry - 4. had ever felt he Hungry in his life time 5. wanted he to discover - 6. to worry Empu Mburing - about catching fish matter 7. found He himself growing weary of the food - 8. remember You; Empu Mburing - - 9. looked Empu Mburing - about him at the wide sea and the distant shore matter 10. starring he - at the floundering fish place 11. looked he - at the pile of kakap merah place 12. looked he - at the shore place 13. remember Empu Mburing his promise this time time 14. grew He more frustrated - 15. decided He to give up 16. Looked out Empu Mburing - at the wide blue sea place 17. to know He; Empu Mburing that it was a teri fish scale - 18. looked up he - Finally time Again frequency 74. touch he his face - - - 75. ran Empu Mburing - - - from the cave place 76. went he - - - after her place 77. began He - to weep - - 19. heartbroke n he - - 20. thought he she was going to forgive him - 21. saw Empu Mburing his beloved wife slowly disappearing - 22. saw Empu Mburing his beloved wife Never… again frequency

c. Verbal Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Sayer Verbiage Target Receiver 1. told he that he had smashed the fruit - her - 2. implored he - her - to marry him purpose 3. agreed Empu Mburing - - - at once time 4. said he - - - Less degree 5. saying he one last throw and let’s see what came up - to himself - 6. talked He a great deal - - this time time 7. said She Empu Mburing ate teri fish - - - 8. spoke He - - - - 9. sighing he how tired he was and he did not catch even one fish - - -

d. Relational Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Carriers Attribute 1. was he about to catch breakfast - 2. was he so hungry - 3. was he careful to throw the remains back into the ocean purpose 4. was He about to turn around - 5. was He about to sail back home with his catch - 6. was he tired - 7. were They on two different islands Now time

2. Siti Fari Empu Rencak a. Material Process

No. Verbs Participants Circum Actor Goal Scope Att 1. gripped he his beladau - - Tightly manner 2. crept He; Empu Rencak - - - towards his home place 3. pushed He - - - open the door purpose 4. took for his eyes - a few momen ts - to adjust to the dim, dusty light purpose 5. opened Empu rencak the door - wider - 6. made something him - lose his grip on his weapon. - 7. sitting she - - - on the bed place 8. rest I; Siti Fari - - - - 9. shade I; Siti Fari - - - - 10. set about he his work - - - 11. had been set he - an impossi ble task - - 12. serves She; Siti Fari me - - - 13. had journeye d Siti Fari - - - Long duration Far distance 14. reached Siti Fari - - - into her bag place 15. pulled out Siti Fari an egg - - - 16. threw She; Siti Fari - - - to the ground place 17. stopped They; the djinn their work - - - 18. rushed Empu Rencak - - - to the palace place 19. tried Empu Rencak - - - to lift one of the enormous stones into place purpose 20. struggled He; Empu Rencak - - - - 21. had failed. He; Empu Rencak - - - - 22. continue d Siti Fari her journey - - - 23. travelled She; Siti Fari - - - to Komodo place 24. returning She; Siti Fari - - - to Bima place 25. gave She; Siti Fari birth - to a son named Jangga Rangga - 26. have continue d the people of Rinca - - - To this day duration to build their homes at night purpose

b. Mental Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Senser Phenomenon 1. saw He; Empu Rencak something - 2. settling Empu Rencak - on the woman’s face place 3. gasped He; Empu Rencak - Almost degree at her beauty place 4. tried He; Empu Rencak - to regain his composure for purpose quickly manner 5. looking at She; Siti Fari him Calmly manner 6. had Empu Rencak an idea Then time 7. thought He; Empu Rencak what 8. knew Empu Rencak he had been set an impossible task - 9. looked on Siti Fari - as the palace steadily rose skyward time 10. appeared She; Siti Fari calm - 11. turned the djinn his attention to the boat place 12. was looking Empu Rencak pleased with himself. - 13. pleased Empu Rencak - with himself matter 14. remained Empu Rencak - in his little shack place for what use had he of an enormous palace purpose

c. Verbal Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Sayer Verbiage Target 1. answered. she for I have travelled far - - 2. replied she Very well,” - - 3. began. Empu Rencak Of course I shall, that’s easy…” - - 4. called upon he - three djinn who lived in the ocean to assist him - 5. shall instruct I to serve you as she serves me her - 6. could not refuse she outright his claim - - 7. is said - that she travelled to Komodo before eventually returning to Bima - -

d. Relational Processes No.

Verbs Participants Circum Carriers Attribute Identifier Identified 1. called Empu Rencak a young man - - - 2. was He careful - - Always frequency 3. was he scared - - - 4. was she awake - - Now time 5. am I - Siti Fari I -