Table 4.34 the Example of Negative Capability No. Appraising items
Appraiser Judgement Appraised
1. Little did know
- -cap
their victims 2.
could not seek out ships on the open sea
- -cap
they
The examples in table 4.34 presents the incapability of the appraised about two aspects. The first is the lack of knowledge capability. The appraised in this case
is human being. In a more general perspective, thus, human being might be incapable of knowing knowledge. The second aspect is the incapability to perceive
the surrounding. This incapability intertexts with the modality of ability. From the example, this incapability utilizes also the negative modality of ability.
Summatively, the negative capability supports the idea that human is powerless.
Table 4.35 the Example of Positive Capability No.
Appraising items Appraiser
Judgement Appraised
1. made the cut with a steady
hand -
+cap He Empu Najo
2. knew
that this time, she would
not be
coming back +cap
Si Gerong 3.
who could coax … -
+cap a gentle gardener
4. expert
- +cap
hunter
The positive capacity evaluates the capability of human being rather than the incapability. Some appraising items might refer to the same characteristics. For
instance, in the analysis of the incapability, human being is depicted as lacking of knowledge. In this positive capacity, human being is depicted as knowledgeable as
seen in example 2 in table 4.34. However, the nature of the knowledge should be considered. For the negative capability, the knowledge is related to something that
the appraiser should acknowledge. While for the positive capability, the knowledge
is predictable or common. The other examples show the capability of human being in performing their duties.
Another judgment presents the dependency of human beings namely the tenacity. However, since the negative tenacity occurs dominantly, human beings
might be considered as not dependable. In this case, therefore, human being is powerless. The following table presents the examples of negative tenacity from the
folktales.
Table 4.36 the Example of Negative Tenacity No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Judgement Appraised
1. resigned
to his fate -ten
the captain 2.
being dragged -
-ten The captain
3. cried
- -ten
The captain 4.
beg your the fish indulgence
-ten The captain
Those examples in table 4.36 supports the topic that human is powerless. In example 2 and 4 the human character clearly needs help of the other character.
He cannot survive without the other character’s help. Example 1 presents the failure of the appraised to be dependable. The appraised is a human being having a
role as the captain. A captain is supposed to not resign to his fate. By resigning to the fate, the captain loses the tenacity. The same case applies to example 3 that a
captain should not cry over in any condition. The attitude is delivered also by means of appreciation. Appreciation is the
attitude towards natural phenomenon. By the appreciation, the attitude is done by evaluating the things in the surrounding of the appraisers. The following table
presents the kinds of appreciation in depicting the topic.
Table 4.37 Appreciation in the Topic about Human Powerlessness reac
comp val
Total
+ - + - + -
TToM 2
0 0 0 0 0
2
SFaER 3
1 2 1 1
8
TMI 1
4 4 0 0
9
TPoGM 2 7
1 0 1
11
TDPoK 2 0 1 1 0 0
4
TSToIM 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 Total
11 12 1 8 1 2
35
From the table, reaction becomes the most prominent kinds of the appreciation in the topic about human powerlessness. Reaction is employed 23
times into 11 times of positive reaction and 12 times of negative reaction. The other prominent kind is the negative composition appearing eight times.
Reaction supports the topic of human powerlessness by highlighting the terrible conditions in the surroundings. The terrible conditions influences the
human’s life. The following table presents the examples of reaction in a folktale.
Table 4.38 the Examples of Negative Reaction No.
Appraising items Appraiser
Appreciation Appraised
1. grey and wracked
- -reac
the ocean 2.
unbearable
-
-reac itching
3. unbearable
- -reac
irritation on his skin 4.
terrible -
-reac sensation
The examples presents the powerlessness of human being in bearing the problem of itching as one problem in one of the folktales. The itch is depicted as
unbearable and terrible. Being unbearable, the itch grabs the attention of the human character and being terrible, it becomes disliked by the human character. The
negative reaction towards the ocean is due to the itch also. Therefore, human being is not resistant to such kind of problem. In other words, human being is powerless.
Table 4.39 the Examples of Positive Reaction No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Appreciation Appraised
1. lose his grip
Empu Rencak +reac
something 2.
gasped at Empu Rencak
+reac her beauty
3. enormous
- +reac
stones
The positive reactions appear on the purpose of showing the good characteristics of something outside the human main character. The example 1 in
table 4.39, the something that the main human character tries to grip has been evaluated positively that the human character cannot hold it carefully. The other
two examples provides evidence that outside the human characters there are positive matters that can grab attentions.
The last evaluation in human powerlessness topic is by the negative composition. The negative composition presents that something is not in a good
balance or that something is not combined well with others. This attitude might support the topic of human powerlessness by the inability of the human characters
in the folktale to balance or to combine the things together.
Table 4.40 the Examples of Negative Composition No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Appreciation Appraised
1. uncanny
- -comp
His understanding of the currents and the whims of the
winds 2.
could really be done
- -comp
nothing 3.
fell apart -
-comp hull
4. utterly spent
- -comp
his energy
From the examples in table 4.40, the appraised things remain not in a good condition. From the contexts in the folktales, the human cha racters are unable to
fix the conditions. Example 3 serves an example that something is apart. The hull is a significant thing for the human character and it is apart. Example 2 clearly
mentions that something cannot be done. The other examples present the same idea. Thus, human is depicted powerless by the utilization of negative composition.
4.2.3.2 Dependency on Supernatural Beings
Dependency on supernatural beings appears to be the second most prominent topic that utilizes attitude. The attitude in this topic is mostly presented
by the judgment or the attitudes towards behaviors. The judgment occurs 20 times of the total attitude. The second most frequent attitude is realized by appreciation
appearing 44 times. The least frequent attitude presents in the form of affect by 35 times of appearance. The discussion and elaboration is based on those realizations.
The following table displays the distribution of attitude in the topic about dependency on supernatural beings. Further, the detailed attitudinal analysis of this
topic can be accessed in appendix 10.
Table 4.41 Attitude in Dependency on Supernatural Beings
No. Folktales Affect
Judgment Appreciation
Total
1. TToM
11 1
6
18
2.. SFaER
10 4
14
3. TMI
5 8
6
19
4. TPoGM
5. TDPoK
2 1
3
6
6. TSToIM
Total 18
20 19
57
From table 4.41, the topic about dependency on supernatural beings mostly supported by the use of judgment. Judgment appears 20 times in the folktales. The
following table displays the distributions of the kinds of judgment in presenting the topic about dependency on supernatural beings.
Table 4.42 Judgment in the Topic about Dependency on Supernatural Beings No.
Folktales norm
cap prop
ten ver
Total
+ - + - + - + - + - 1.
TToM 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1
2. SFaER
1 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
3. TMI
0 0 0 3 1 3 1 0 0
8
4. TPoGM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. TDPoK
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
6. TSToIM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1 0 10 3 1 1 3 1 0 0
20
The topic is mostly depicted by the utilization of positive capacity. This can be interpreted that the dependency of supernatural being is related to the ability of
the characters to do something. For instance the human character might be depicted having limitation and able to ask for help to supernatural beings. Further the
supernatural beings might help the human characters to overcome the limitation. The followings are the examples of positive capacity in the folktales.
Table 4.43 the Examples of Positive Capacity No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Judgement Appraised
1. called upon
Empu Rencak +cap three djinn
2. endowed
three djinn +cap
immense strength 3.
tearing out three djinn
+cap great chunks of rock from the
earth
The examples presents the utilization of positive capacity in the folktales that support the topic about dependency on supernatural beings. Example 1
depicts the capability of the human character to ask help to supernatural beings. This capability is possessed by the human character since, from the contexts of the
story, the human character is not capable in performing a task by himself. Example 2 and 3 show the super capability of the supernatural beings that human beings
might not possess.
Table 4.44 Affect in the Topic about Dependency on Supernatural Beings No.
Folktales des
hap sec
sat Total
+ - + - + - + - 1.
TToM 0 0 1 2 1 5 1 1
11
2. SFaER
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.
TMI 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0
5
4. TPoGM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.
TDPoK 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2
6. TSToIM
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 1 5 2 6 2 2
18
Negative happiness and negative security dominate the use of affect in presenting the topic of human dependency on supernatural beings. The frequency
of the occurrences can be accessed in table 4.44. The other kinds of affect do not contribute much in building the topic, and further the ideology.
Negative happiness, in other words, presents the feeling of sadness. In the folktales the items delivering the topic about dependency on supernatural beings
appear five times. The followings are the examples of negative happiness depicting the dependency. The interpretation should consider the contexts.
Table 4.45 the Examples of Negative Happiness No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Affect
Appraised
1. beset by an agony
The captain -hap
- 2.
no relief -
-hap -
3. had lost their color The captain
-hap all the things that gave his life
meaning
All the examples in table 4.45 utilize negative happiness strongly. However, the interpretation without considering the context might lead to fallacy. The prior
contexts of the story is that the human character, the captain, undergoes a curse that he gets from an island. He loses his happiness afterward. The contexts and all the
examples require the human character to ask help to the supernatural beings. Another perspective is that the source negative happiness is not natural. The curse
that raises the sad feeling is not natural. The topic is also obviously supported by negative security. The feeling of
insecurity also dominates the topic. The examples in table 4.46 displays the insecurity of a human character toward a supernatural being. From the other point
of view, the supernatural character might be successful in making the human character feeling insecure.
Table 4.46 the Example of Negative Security
No. Appraising
items Appraiser
Affect Appraised
1. begged
Empu Mburing -sec The princess
2. meekly
Empu Mburing -sec Asking The princess
3. threateningly
Empu Mburing -sec The princess standing over him
4. hid his face
Empu Mburing -sec from her furious gaze
Beside the judgment and the affect, the topic also employs appreciation. The appreciation is not many. The most frequent appreciation appears in the kind of
positive reaction. The second most frequent appreciation is the positive
composition. Accordingly to the nature of appreciation, the valuation is given toward the supernatural beings or towards the characteristics of the supernatural
beings. The following table displays the numbers of the kinds of appreciation in the topic about dependency on supernatural beings.
Table 4.47 the Kinds of Appreciation in the Topic about Dependency on Supernatural Beings
No. Folktales
reac comp val
Total
+ - + - + - 1.
TToM 1 2 1 0 2 0
6
2. SFaER
1 0 1 1 1 0
4
3. TMI
4 2 0 0 0 0
6
4. TPoGM
0 0 0 0 0 0 5.
TDPoK 0 0 3 0 0 0
3
6. TSToIM
0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 6 4
5 1 3 0 19
As the most frequent appreciation supporting the topic, most of the reactions are given to the supernatural beings. The positive valuation creates a belief that
supernatural beings are more powerful than human beings. Table 4.48 presents some examples of positive reaction in a folktale.
Table 4.48 the Examples of Positive Reaction No.
Appraising items Appraiser Appreciation Appraised
1. astonishing
- +reac
speed 2.
no ordinary -
+reac fish
3. amazement
- +reac
The captain 4.
mighty -
+reac head of the fish
All the examples in table 4.48 present the positive valuation toward supernatural beings in terms of reactions. Example 1 and 4 attach positive
characteristics to the supernatural fish in the story. The fish is supernatural. Example 3 shows that the positive characteristic of the supernatural being grabs
the attention of the human character. Example 2 is an acknowledgement that the fish is supernatural by mentioning no ordinary as the appraising item.
Table 4.49 the Example of Positive Composition No.
Appraising items
Appraiser Appreciation Appraised
1. giant
- +comp
lizards 2.
the largest Si Gerong had ever seen
+comp a dragon
3. radiant
of a woman +comp
figure
The topic is also built on the positive compositions. The composition give positive characteristics towards the supernatural beings in terms of the components
that forms the positive characteristics. In other words, the compositions evaluate the supernatural beings by their perceivable appearances. All of the examples in
table 4.49 display the positive looks or appearances of the supernatural characters in the folktales. This valuation, therefore, might support the dominance of
supernatural beings over human beings.
4.2.3.3 Submissiveness to Customs
Human powerlessness appears to be the most prominent topic that utilizes attitude. The attitude in this topic is mostly presented by the appreciation or the
evaluation toward natural phenomenon. The appreciation occurs 23 times of the total attitude describing this topic. The second most frequent attitude is realized by
affect appearing 14 times. The least frequent attitude presents in the form of judgment by 5 times of appearance. The discussion and elaboration is based on
those realizations. The following table displays the distribution of attitude in the topic about submissiveness to customs. Further, the detailed attitudinal analysis of
this topic can be accessed in appendix 11.
