Table 4. The Mapping of Bahasa Indonesia Kinship Terms Simatupang 2000:77
Lineal Colineal
Ablineal Masculine
Feminine Masculine Feminine
Second generation
previous Previous
generation kakek
nenek paman
bibi
saudara sepupu
ayah ibu
Same generation
aku saudarakakakadik
Next generation
anak keponakan
Second generation
following cucu
From the table 4, it can be seen that Bahasa Indonesia Kinship terms do not differentiate masculine and feminine in both lineal and colineal for same
generation, next generation, and second generation following. On the country, English kinship terms differentiate male and femaleinto masculine and feminine as
the table 3.
3. Titles
Trudgill 1974: 105 explains that the use of personal address depends on the relationship between an addresser and the relative status individuals involved in a
conversation. Thus, title refers to given initials of individuals in order to show their social ranks, or gender in different circumstances. For example, the way a
student talks to his lecturer is different in using the address terms from when he
talks to a friend. He may not use names but titles such as Ma’am, Miss, Mrs or Ms
when talking to his female teacher.
4. Names
The name terms are usually used by people that know each other. They are also used depending on the relationship and the status of the participants, for example
Torik and Kiai Rais. Fasold 1990:2 states that people can address everyone in two ways: by their first name FN such as Bob and Jim or by their title and last name
TLN such as Dr. John and Mrs Smith.
4.
Techniques of Translation
J. P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet in Walinski 2015:58-63 devided into seven categories. They are;
a. Borrowing
Borrowing is a translation procedure that involves using the same word or expression in original text in the target text. The word or expression borrowed is
usually written in italics. This is about reproducing an expression in the original text as is. In this sense, it is a translation technique that does not actually translate.
Example: The gaucho was wearing a black sombrero and a worn old pair of bombachas.
b. Calque
When a translator uses a calque, he or she is creating or using a neologism in the target language by adopting the structure of the source language.
Example: The English word handball is translated into Spanish as balonmano. Or the English term skyscraper is gratte-ciel in French or rascacielos in Spanish.
c. Literal translation
Usually this is called a literal translation or metaphrase. This means a word-for- word translation, achieving a text in the target language which is as correct as it is
idiomatic. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, a literal translation can only be applied with languages which are extremely close in cultural terms. It is acceptable
only if the translated text retains the same syntax, the same meaning and the same style as the original text.
Example: Quelle heure est-il? ⇒ what time is it?
d. Transposition
Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without altering the meaning of the text. This technique introduces a change in grammatical
structure.
Example: The President thinks that ⇒ Selon le Président
e. Modulation
Modulation is about changing the form of the text by introducing a semantic change or perspective.
Example: Maybe you’re right ⇒ Tu n’as peut-être pas tort.
f. Equivalence or Reformulation
This is a translation procedure which uses a completely different expression to transmit the same reality. Through this technique, names of institutions,
interjections, idioms or proverbs can be translated. Example:
Chat échaudé craint l’eau froide ⇒ once burned, twice shy.
g. Adaptation
Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a cultural element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture
of the target language. This achieves a more familiar and comprehensive text. Example: baseball
⇒ football Molina and Albir 2002: 509 define translation techniques as procedures to
analyse and classify how translation equivalence works. There are 18 translation techniques below.
a. Adaptation
Adaptation is applied to replace a source text cultural element with one from the target text. For example:
T1 : His leg felt like a stone T2 : Tungkai kakinya seperti terpaku
b. Amplification
Amplification is applied to introduce details that are not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative paraphrasing. For example:
T1 : There are many Indonesian at the ship. T2 : Banyak warga negara Indonesia di kapal itu.
c. Borrowing
Borrowing is when a word or an expression is borrowed straight from another language. It can be pure without any changes or it can be naturalized to fit the
spelling rules in the target language. For example:
T1: Zig-zag T2: Zig-zag
d. Calque
Calque is when words or phrases of the source language are translated literally. It is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from of
another, but then translates literally each of its elements. For example: T1 : He is the new assistant manager
T2 : Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru.
e. Compensation
Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a source text element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target text because it can not
be reflected in the same place as in the source text. For example:
T1 : A burning desire to share The Secret with the world consumed me.
T2 : Hasrat yang menyala-nyala untuk membagikan Rahasia kepada dunia membakar diri saya. Hendrastuti, 2012: 189
f. Description
Description is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or function. For example:
T1 : I like panetton. T2 : Saya suka panetton, kue tradisional Italia yang dimakan pada saat tahun
baru.
g. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. For example:
T1 : The Minangkabau Response to the Dutch Colonial rule in the Nineteenth Century.
T2 : Asal-usul Elite Minangkabau Modem: Respons terhadap Kolonial Belanda XIXXX. Havid Ardi, 2010: 400
h. Established Equivalent
Established equivalent is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different stylistics and structural
methods. For example:
T1 : Sincerely yours T2 : Hormat kami
i. Generalization
Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example:
T1: becak T2: vehicle
j. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that adds linguistic elements. This is often used in oral consecutive interpreting and dubbing. For example:
T1 : everything is up to you T2 : semuanya terserah anda sendiri
k. Linguistic Compression
Linguistic Compression is a translation technique that synthesizes linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in
subtitling. For example: T1 : Are you sleepy?
T2 : ngantuk?
l. Literal Translation
Literal translation is when a word or an expression is translated into word-for-word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example:
T1 : The President gave the present to Michael last week. T2 : Presiden memberi hadiah itu pada Michael minggu lalu.
m. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus on cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. For
example: T1 : Nobody doe
sn’t like it. T2 : Semua orang menyukainya.
n. Particularization
Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term in the target text. For example:
T1 : She likes to collect jewelery. T2 : Dia senang mengoleksi kalung emas.
o. Reduction
Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text. For example:
T1 : She got a car accident T2 : Dia mengalami kecelakaan
p. Substitution
A translation technique that changes linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa. For example:
Nod in Indonesia means “yes”
q. Transposition
Transposition is related to the change in the grammar from the source language into target language. For example:
T1 : I have no control over this condition T2 : Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini
r. Variation
Variation is related to the change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style,
social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. For example, to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theatre, changes in tone
when adapting novels for children, etc. For example:
T1 : Give it to me now T2 : Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang
5.
Meaning Equivalence
Baker 1992:10 defines equivalence in translation into five classifications: a.
Equivalence in word level, in which translator has to replace one name word in the source language for once in the receptor language but sometimes there
is no word in the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language,
b. Equivalence above word level, this translation goes one step further to consider
what happens when words start combining with other words to stretches of language,
c. Grammatical equivalence is related to the equivalence of different grammatical
system between the source language and target language, d.
Textual equivalence refers to the level of any target form which is observed to be equivalence to a given source lanuage, and
e. Pragmatic equivalence demands the translatot to ‘make a sense’ of a given
source text to the target text of target language. It is related to coherence, that is a network or relation which organizes and creates a text and a network of
conceptual relations which underlie the super face text in cohesion.
Nida 1969 in Despoina Panou 2013:2 maintains that there are two basic
types of equivalence: a.
Formal Equivalence. In formal equivalence the TT resembles very much the ST in both form and content.
b.
Dinamic Equivalence. In dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the
ST message in the TT as naturally as possible. It could be argued that Nida is in favour of dynamic equivalence since he considers it to be a more effective
translation procedure.
Depends on Bell 1991:6 says that a source that is transferred into a target language can be equivalent in different degrees. Based on Bell’s theory,
meaning equivalence is divided into equivalent meaning which consist of different meaning and no meaning.
a. Equivalent meaning EM
1 Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into the target text.
2 Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added some information in the target text which is not found in the source text. The message
of the source text is not fully translated into the target text. b.
Non Equivalent Meaning NEM 1
Different meaning is when the meaning of the target text is differently translated from the source text.
2 No meaning is when onesome words are eliminated so that the target
language loses the information content of the source text.
6.
Movie
a. Subtitle Subtitle is the text of what the actors are saying in a movie into another
language or the language itself that shown on the bottom of the screen. Usually,
movies are subtitled to give the translation text of dialogues. This occurs to make the audience understand the whole story of the movie. In the making os
a movie, subtitling has a good impact. It can make the production much cheaper, more economical, and easier to produce in some languages but also it
retains the authenticity of the original production Goltlieb 1990:310. b. About Romeo and Juliet movie
Romeo and Juliet is a 2013 British-Italian-Swiss romantic drama film
adaptation of William Shakespeare’s romantic tragedy of the same name
written by Julian Fellowes and Carlo Carlei. The movie stars are Douglas Booth and Hailee Steinfeld. This film opened in the United Kingdom and the
United States on 11 October 2013. This movie tells about the two households Capulet and Montague in Fair
Verona, both alike in dignity. Capulet is a family of Juliet and Montague is a family from Romeo. Unfortunately, young Romeo falls in love with young
Juliet at the Capulet’s party in costume. However, Tybalt who is the cousin of Juliet recognizes Romeo and wants to kill him. Lord Capulet warns Tybalt not
disturb the party because it will make the prince angry. So, Romeo confesses his love for her and they kiss. After that, Juliet’s Nurse tells Romeo that Juliet
is a Capulet, the great enemy of Montague. While Romeo and Juliet are together, Lord Capulet decides that Juliet
should marry a young man named Paris, but she refuses. Then, Juliet visits Friar Laurence and he gives her a poison that will make her seems dead, during
which time Romeo will come to meet her in the Capulet ’s house. The friar
promises to send word of the plan to Romeo.
Juliet drinks the Friar’s poison that night. The next morning, the day of Juliet and Paris
wedding, her Nurse finds her “dead” in bed. The whole house decries her suicide, and Friar insists they quickly place her into the family fault.
Unfortunately, John has unable to deliver the letter to Romeo informing him of the plan, so when Romeo’s cousin brings him news that Juliet has died, Romeo
is heart-broken. As soon as Friar Laurence realizes that his letter never reach Romeo’s hands, he rushes to the Capulet, hoping to arrive before Romeo does.
Friar Laurence arrives to the vault just as Juliet wakes up. He tries to convince her to flee, but upon seeing Romeo’s dead body, she takes her own
life as well. Finally, the two families agree to settle their feud and form an alliance despite the tragic circumstances.
7. Related Studies
The researcher reviews two earlier studies that are relevant to this research. The first research was conducted by Hanifah 2010. It discusses about the
types and the techniques that used in translating address terms in the novels and the translation quality in the terms of accuracy and acceptability. Then, the
results research of this show that the types of translation found in the novels are address terms in the form of pronouns, kinships, titles and names.
Meanwhile, the translation techniques employed are borrowing, omission, transposition, literal translation and adaptation. Though the most frequently
technique used is literal translation. Furthermore the result of accuracy and acceptability measurement shows that the translation fulfils two of three
parameters of translation quality which means that the translation of the novel Power-Crazy Ms Wiz is accurate and acceptable.
The second research was conducted by Candra Nila Fitriani 2014. She discusses the research about address terms. She also identifies four types of
address terms. They are pronouns, kinships, titles and names. She finds twelve translation techniques occurring in the translation; adaptation, amplification,
borrowing, compensation, description, generalization, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, transposition, and the last is omittion.
Somehow, the most translation techniques used are borrowing and literal translation. She also finds that the degree of meaning equivalence is divided
into equivalent meaning which consists of fully equivalent and partly equivalent and non-equivalent meaning which consists of different meaning
and no meaning. Though the most the degree of meaning equivalence used is fully equivalent.
B. Conceptual Framework
For the conception of address terms, this research adopts and applies the concept of address terms proposed by Trudgill and Simatupang. In this research,
there are four types of address terms. This types of address terms employed by the researcher appear to be the first point. They are pronouns, kinships, titles,
and names. She analyses the novel of Negeri 5 Menara. A pronoun is a word which refers to a person in speech or in writing. The
pronoun system of Bahasa Indonesia and English are different. The bahasa Indonesia pronoun system distinguishes between familiar and formal whereas
