k. Linguistic Compression
Linguistic Compression is a translation technique that synthesizes linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in
subtitling. For example: T1 : Are you sleepy?
T2 : ngantuk?
l. Literal Translation
Literal translation is when a word or an expression is translated into word-for-word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text. For example:
T1 : The President gave the present to Michael last week. T2 : Presiden memberi hadiah itu pada Michael minggu lalu.
m. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus on cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. For
example: T1 : Nobody doe
sn’t like it. T2 : Semua orang menyukainya.
n. Particularization
Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term in the target text. For example:
T1 : She likes to collect jewelery. T2 : Dia senang mengoleksi kalung emas.
o. Reduction
Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text. For example:
T1 : She got a car accident T2 : Dia mengalami kecelakaan
p. Substitution
A translation technique that changes linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements or vice versa. For example:
Nod in Indonesia means “yes”
q. Transposition
Transposition is related to the change in the grammar from the source language into target language. For example:
T1 : I have no control over this condition T2 : Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini
r. Variation
Variation is related to the change linguistic or paralinguistic elements intonation, gestures that affect aspects of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style,
social dialect, geographical dialect, etc. For example, to introduce or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating for the theatre, changes in tone
when adapting novels for children, etc. For example:
T1 : Give it to me now T2 : Berikan barang itu ke gue sekarang
5.
Meaning Equivalence
Baker 1992:10 defines equivalence in translation into five classifications: a.
Equivalence in word level, in which translator has to replace one name word in the source language for once in the receptor language but sometimes there
is no word in the target language which expresses the same meaning as the source language,
b. Equivalence above word level, this translation goes one step further to consider
what happens when words start combining with other words to stretches of language,
c. Grammatical equivalence is related to the equivalence of different grammatical
system between the source language and target language, d.
Textual equivalence refers to the level of any target form which is observed to be equivalence to a given source lanuage, and
e. Pragmatic equivalence demands the translatot to ‘make a sense’ of a given
source text to the target text of target language. It is related to coherence, that is a network or relation which organizes and creates a text and a network of
conceptual relations which underlie the super face text in cohesion.
Nida 1969 in Despoina Panou 2013:2 maintains that there are two basic
types of equivalence: a.
Formal Equivalence. In formal equivalence the TT resembles very much the ST in both form and content.
b.
Dinamic Equivalence. In dynamic equivalence an effort is made to convey the
ST message in the TT as naturally as possible. It could be argued that Nida is in favour of dynamic equivalence since he considers it to be a more effective
translation procedure.
Depends on Bell 1991:6 says that a source that is transferred into a target language can be equivalent in different degrees. Based on Bell’s theory,
meaning equivalence is divided into equivalent meaning which consist of different meaning and no meaning.
a. Equivalent meaning EM
1 Fully equivalent meaning occurs when the message of the source text is fully translated into the target text.
2 Partly equivalent meaning occurs when the translation is added some information in the target text which is not found in the source text. The message
of the source text is not fully translated into the target text. b.
Non Equivalent Meaning NEM 1
Different meaning is when the meaning of the target text is differently translated from the source text.
2 No meaning is when onesome words are eliminated so that the target
language loses the information content of the source text.
6.
Movie
a. Subtitle Subtitle is the text of what the actors are saying in a movie into another
language or the language itself that shown on the bottom of the screen. Usually,
movies are subtitled to give the translation text of dialogues. This occurs to make the audience understand the whole story of the movie. In the making os
a movie, subtitling has a good impact. It can make the production much cheaper, more economical, and easier to produce in some languages but also it
retains the authenticity of the original production Goltlieb 1990:310. b. About Romeo and Juliet movie
Romeo and Juliet is a 2013 British-Italian-Swiss romantic drama film
adaptation of William Shakespeare’s romantic tragedy of the same name
written by Julian Fellowes and Carlo Carlei. The movie stars are Douglas Booth and Hailee Steinfeld. This film opened in the United Kingdom and the
United States on 11 October 2013. This movie tells about the two households Capulet and Montague in Fair
Verona, both alike in dignity. Capulet is a family of Juliet and Montague is a family from Romeo. Unfortunately, young Romeo falls in love with young
Juliet at the Capulet’s party in costume. However, Tybalt who is the cousin of Juliet recognizes Romeo and wants to kill him. Lord Capulet warns Tybalt not
disturb the party because it will make the prince angry. So, Romeo confesses his love for her and they kiss. After that, Juliet’s Nurse tells Romeo that Juliet
is a Capulet, the great enemy of Montague. While Romeo and Juliet are together, Lord Capulet decides that Juliet
should marry a young man named Paris, but she refuses. Then, Juliet visits Friar Laurence and he gives her a poison that will make her seems dead, during
which time Romeo will come to meet her in the Capulet ’s house. The friar
promises to send word of the plan to Romeo.
Juliet drinks the Friar’s poison that night. The next morning, the day of Juliet and Paris
wedding, her Nurse finds her “dead” in bed. The whole house decries her suicide, and Friar insists they quickly place her into the family fault.
Unfortunately, John has unable to deliver the letter to Romeo informing him of the plan, so when Romeo’s cousin brings him news that Juliet has died, Romeo
is heart-broken. As soon as Friar Laurence realizes that his letter never reach Romeo’s hands, he rushes to the Capulet, hoping to arrive before Romeo does.
Friar Laurence arrives to the vault just as Juliet wakes up. He tries to convince her to flee, but upon seeing Romeo’s dead body, she takes her own
life as well. Finally, the two families agree to settle their feud and form an alliance despite the tragic circumstances.
7. Related Studies
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